Public Administration And Management Questions Medium
There are several different approaches to public administration, each with its own focus and perspective. These approaches can be broadly categorized into four main types: classical, behavioral, systems, and new public management.
1. Classical Approach: The classical approach to public administration emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is based on principles of hierarchy, specialization, and formal rules. It emphasizes the importance of a clear chain of command, division of labor, and adherence to established procedures. This approach views public administration as a science and emphasizes efficiency, effectiveness, and rational decision-making.
2. Behavioral Approach: The behavioral approach to public administration emerged in the mid-20th century and focuses on the human aspect of public organizations. It emphasizes the study of individual and group behavior, motivation, and leadership. This approach recognizes that public administrators are not solely driven by rationality and that their behavior is influenced by social, psychological, and cultural factors.
3. Systems Approach: The systems approach to public administration emerged in the 1960s and views public organizations as complex systems composed of interrelated parts. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the interactions and interdependencies between different components of the system. This approach recognizes that public administration is influenced by external factors such as political, economic, and social contexts, and emphasizes the need for holistic and integrated approaches to problem-solving.
4. New Public Management (NPM): The new public management approach emerged in the 1980s and 1990s as a response to the perceived inefficiencies of traditional public administration. It emphasizes the application of private sector management techniques and principles to public organizations. NPM focuses on results-oriented management, decentralization, performance measurement, and accountability. It promotes the use of market mechanisms, such as competition and contracting out, to improve efficiency and effectiveness in public service delivery.
It is important to note that these approaches are not mutually exclusive, and many contemporary public administration theories and practices draw from multiple approaches. The choice of approach depends on the specific context, goals, and challenges faced by public administrators.