How does a presidential system handle checks and balances?

In a presidential system, checks and balances are typically implemented through the separation of powers among the three branches of government: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The president, as the head of the executive branch, is responsible for enforcing laws and policies. The legislative branch, consisting of the parliament or congress, is responsible for making laws. The judicial branch, comprising the courts, is responsible for interpreting and applying the laws.

Checks and balances in a presidential system are achieved through various mechanisms. Firstly, the president's power is limited by the constitution, which outlines the scope of their authority and sets certain checks on their actions. For example, the president may be required to seek approval from the legislature for certain decisions, such as declaring war or appointing key officials.

Secondly, the legislature has the power to check the president's actions through oversight and impeachment processes. The parliament or congress can investigate the president's actions, hold hearings, and pass laws that may limit or counteract the president's policies. In extreme cases, the legislature can impeach and remove the president from office if they are found to have committed serious misconduct or abuse of power.

Thirdly, the judiciary acts as a check on both the president and the legislature by ensuring that their actions are in accordance with the constitution. The courts have the power of judicial review, which allows them to declare laws or executive actions unconstitutional. This serves as a check on the president's authority and prevents the abuse of power.

Overall, in a presidential system, checks and balances are maintained through the separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as well as through constitutional limitations, legislative oversight, and judicial review. These mechanisms help to prevent the concentration of power in any one branch and ensure accountability and balance in the system.