Explain the concept of self-help in political realism.

In political realism, the concept of self-help refers to the idea that states must rely on their own capabilities and resources to ensure their survival and security in the international system. It is a fundamental principle of realist thought that states are primarily motivated by self-interest and the pursuit of power.

According to realists, the international system is characterized by anarchy, meaning that there is no central authority or global government to enforce rules and maintain order among states. In this context, self-help becomes essential for states to protect their own interests and maintain their sovereignty.

Self-help involves states taking independent actions to secure their own survival and advance their national interests. This can include building up military capabilities, forming alliances, engaging in power politics, and pursuing strategies of deterrence. Realists argue that states should prioritize their own security above all else, as they cannot rely on the goodwill or benevolence of other states.

Realist thinkers, such as Hans Morgenthau and Kenneth Waltz, emphasize that self-help is a necessary response to the competitive nature of international relations. They argue that states must be prepared to defend themselves and pursue their interests aggressively, as failure to do so may result in vulnerability and exploitation by other states.

However, it is important to note that self-help does not imply complete isolation or disregard for cooperation. Realists recognize that states may engage in limited cooperation when it aligns with their self-interests. For example, states may form alliances or engage in trade agreements to enhance their security or economic prosperity. Nevertheless, self-help remains the primary guiding principle in realist thinking.

In summary, the concept of self-help in political realism emphasizes that states must rely on their own capabilities and resources to ensure their survival and security in an anarchic international system. It underscores the importance of prioritizing national interests and taking independent actions to protect and advance those interests.