Explain the concept of national security in political realism and idealism.

In political realism, the concept of national security is primarily understood in terms of power and self-interest. Realists argue that states are the primary actors in international relations and their main goal is to ensure their survival and protect their interests. National security, therefore, is seen as the ability of a state to protect itself from external threats and maintain its sovereignty.

Realists believe that the international system is anarchic, meaning that there is no higher authority to enforce rules or maintain order. As a result, states must rely on their own capabilities to secure their national interests. This often involves the pursuit of military power, alliances, and the use of force if necessary. Realists argue that states should prioritize their own security above all else, even if it means engaging in aggressive or coercive actions to protect their interests.

In contrast, idealism approaches the concept of national security from a more cooperative and ethical standpoint. Idealists believe in the possibility of international cooperation and the promotion of shared values and norms. They argue that states should prioritize peace, justice, and human rights in their pursuit of national security.

Idealists emphasize the importance of international institutions, such as the United Nations, in resolving conflicts and maintaining global order. They believe that through diplomacy, negotiation, and the adherence to international law, states can achieve security without resorting to military force. Idealists also advocate for the promotion of democracy, economic development, and the protection of human rights as means to enhance national security.

While realists and idealists have different perspectives on national security, both recognize its importance. Realists focus on the balance of power and the pursuit of self-interest, while idealists emphasize cooperation, shared values, and the pursuit of common goals. Ultimately, the concept of national security in political realism and idealism reflects the different approaches to international relations and the strategies employed by states to protect their interests in an increasingly complex and interconnected world.