What is the responsibility to protect (R2P) and how does it relate to human rights?

The responsibility to protect (R2P) is a principle in international relations that asserts the responsibility of states to protect their populations from mass atrocities, including genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. It was first introduced in 2005 by the United Nations World Summit as a response to the failures of the international community to prevent and respond to such atrocities.

R2P is closely related to human rights as it emphasizes the fundamental importance of protecting the rights and well-being of individuals. It recognizes that states have a primary responsibility to protect their own populations, but when a state is unable or unwilling to do so, the international community has a responsibility to intervene and protect those at risk.

The principle of R2P is based on three pillars:

1. The responsibility of the state to protect its population: This pillar emphasizes that states have a primary responsibility to protect their populations from mass atrocities. It includes the duty to prevent such crimes, investigate and punish perpetrators, and provide assistance and support to victims.

2. The responsibility of the international community to assist states: When a state is unable or unwilling to fulfill its responsibility to protect, the international community has a responsibility to assist the state in fulfilling its obligations. This can include providing diplomatic, humanitarian, and other forms of support to prevent or halt mass atrocities.

3. The responsibility of the international community to intervene: If a state manifestly fails to protect its population or is actively involved in perpetrating mass atrocities, the international community has a responsibility to intervene. This can range from diplomatic pressure and economic sanctions to military intervention, with the aim of protecting the affected population and preventing further atrocities.

R2P is grounded in the principles of human rights, as it seeks to prevent and respond to violations of these rights on a large scale. It recognizes that the protection of human rights is not solely the responsibility of individual states but also a collective responsibility of the international community. By emphasizing the importance of preventing mass atrocities and holding perpetrators accountable, R2P aims to ensure that human rights are respected and upheld globally.