What are the main types of informal fallacies based on evidence?

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What are the main types of informal fallacies based on evidence?

The main types of informal fallacies based on evidence in informal logic are known as fallacies of evidence or fallacies of relevance. These fallacies occur when the evidence presented in an argument is either irrelevant or insufficient to support the conclusion being made. There are several specific types of fallacies of evidence that can be identified:

1. Ad Hominem Fallacy: This fallacy occurs when an argument attacks the person making the argument rather than addressing the argument itself. It is a diversionary tactic that attempts to discredit the person rather than engaging with the evidence they present.

2. Genetic Fallacy: This fallacy occurs when an argument is dismissed based on its origin or history rather than evaluating the evidence or reasoning provided. It is an attempt to undermine the argument by associating it with a negative source or context.

3. Appeal to Ignorance: This fallacy occurs when an argument asserts that a claim is true or false simply because it has not been proven otherwise. It relies on the lack of evidence to support a particular conclusion, rather than providing positive evidence to support it.

4. Appeal to Authority: This fallacy occurs when an argument relies on the opinion or testimony of an authority figure, without providing sufficient evidence or reasoning to support the claim being made. It assumes that the authority is always correct, without critically evaluating their expertise or the context of their statement.

5. Appeal to Tradition: This fallacy occurs when an argument asserts that a claim is true or valid simply because it has been believed or practiced for a long time. It relies on the assumption that tradition is inherently correct, without considering the possibility of change or improvement.

6. Straw Man Fallacy: This fallacy occurs when an argument misrepresents or exaggerates an opponent's position in order to make it easier to attack or refute. It diverts attention from the actual argument being made and creates a weaker version of the opposing position to attack.

7. False Dilemma Fallacy: This fallacy occurs when an argument presents only two options or possibilities, when in reality there are more alternatives available. It limits the choices to a false dichotomy, forcing the listener to accept one option over the other without considering other possibilities.

These are just a few examples of the main types of informal fallacies based on evidence. It is important to recognize and avoid these fallacies in order to engage in logical and rational reasoning. By critically evaluating the evidence presented and ensuring its relevance and sufficiency, one can strengthen their arguments and avoid the pitfalls of fallacious reasoning.