What were the key ideas of Marsilius of Padua?

Marsilius of Padua was a medieval philosopher known for his political and religious ideas. His key ideas include:

1. Separation of powers: Marsilius advocated for a clear separation of powers between the Church and the State. He believed that the Church should focus on spiritual matters, while the State should handle political and temporal affairs. This idea challenged the prevailing notion of the Pope's authority over both spiritual and temporal matters.

2. Popular sovereignty: Marsilius argued that ultimate political authority rests with the people rather than with the Church or the monarch. He believed that the people should have the power to elect their rulers and that rulers should be accountable to the people.

3. Limited government: Marsilius emphasized the importance of limiting the power of the State. He believed that the State should only have authority over external matters and should not interfere in the internal affairs of the Church or individuals. This idea aimed to protect individual liberties and prevent the abuse of power.

4. Critique of papal authority: Marsilius challenged the authority of the Pope and argued against the idea of papal infallibility. He believed that the Pope should be subject to the authority of a general council representing the Church as a whole.

Overall, Marsilius of Padua's key ideas revolved around the separation of powers, popular sovereignty, limited government, and a critique of papal authority. His ideas had a significant influence on later political and philosophical thought.