What were the methods used by the Spanish Inquisition to identify heretics?

The Spanish Inquisition employed various methods to identify heretics during its existence from the late 15th to the early 19th century. These methods can be categorized into three main approaches: denunciations, investigations, and trials.

1. Denunciations: The Inquisition relied heavily on information provided by individuals who reported suspected heretical activities. These denunciations could come from anyone, including neighbors, acquaintances, or even family members. Denunciations were often made anonymously, allowing individuals to accuse others without fear of retribution.

2. Investigations: Once a denunciation was received, the Inquisition would initiate an investigation to gather evidence against the accused. This involved interrogating the accused, as well as witnesses and informants. The accused were often subjected to intense questioning, sometimes involving torture, to extract confessions or information about other heretics.

3. Trials: If the investigation yielded sufficient evidence, a trial would be conducted. The trials were held in secret, and the accused were not allowed legal representation. The Inquisition employed a variety of legal procedures, including the use of witnesses, expert testimonies, and the examination of physical evidence. The accused were often not informed of the specific charges against them until the trial itself, making it difficult for them to mount a defense.

During the trial, the accused were expected to confess their heresy and repent. Those who confessed were typically given lighter punishments, such as public penance or imprisonment. However, those who maintained their innocence or refused to confess were often subjected to harsher punishments, including torture and execution.

Overall, the Spanish Inquisition relied on a combination of denunciations, investigations, and trials to identify heretics. The use of fear, secrecy, and coercion played a significant role in extracting confessions and maintaining control over the population.