What were the major treaties and agreements that shaped the Scramble for Africa?

There were several major treaties and agreements that shaped the Scramble for Africa. Some of the most significant ones include:

1. Berlin Conference (1884-1885): This conference was organized by European powers to regulate the colonization and division of Africa. It established rules for claiming territories, such as effective occupation and notification to other powers.

2. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): Although not directly related to the Scramble for Africa, this treaty between Spain and Portugal divided the newly discovered lands outside of Europe. It set the stage for future European claims and divisions of territories.

3. Anglo-German Agreement (1886): This agreement between Britain and Germany defined their spheres of influence in East Africa. It recognized British control over Zanzibar and German control over mainland territories.

4. Treaty of Fashoda (1898): This treaty resolved the Fashoda Incident, a territorial dispute between Britain and France in Sudan. It confirmed British control over Egypt and Sudan, while France focused on West Africa.

5. Treaty of Addis Ababa (1896): This treaty ended the First Italo-Ethiopian War and recognized Ethiopia's independence. It prevented Italy from colonizing Ethiopia and maintained the country as one of the few African nations to remain independent.

These treaties and agreements played a crucial role in shaping the boundaries, spheres of influence, and colonial control of Africa during the Scramble for Africa.