What were the main strategies employed by African countries to gain independence from European colonial rule?

The main strategies employed by African countries to gain independence from European colonial rule were:

1. Diplomatic negotiations and lobbying: African leaders engaged in diplomatic negotiations with colonial powers, advocating for self-rule and independence. They also sought support from international organizations and other countries sympathetic to their cause.

2. Nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience: Many African countries adopted nonviolent strategies such as protests, strikes, boycotts, and civil disobedience to challenge colonial rule. These actions aimed to disrupt colonial administration and gain international attention and support.

3. Armed resistance and liberation movements: Some African countries resorted to armed resistance and formed liberation movements to fight against colonial powers. These movements, such as the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa and the National Liberation Front (FLN) in Algeria, used guerrilla warfare and armed struggle to achieve independence.

4. Pan-Africanism and unity: African leaders promoted the idea of Pan-Africanism, emphasizing the unity and solidarity of African nations. They organized conferences and movements, such as the Pan-African Congress and the Organization of African Unity (OAU), to foster cooperation and coordinate efforts towards independence.

5. Legal challenges and international pressure: African countries utilized legal means to challenge colonial rule, including filing lawsuits and petitions against colonial powers. They also sought international support and put pressure on colonial powers through diplomatic channels, public campaigns, and media coverage.

Overall, African countries employed a combination of diplomatic, nonviolent, armed, and legal strategies to gain independence from European colonial rule. The specific approaches varied depending on the country and the context of their struggle.