What were the military exchanges between China and Britain during the Opium Wars?

What were the military exchanges between China and Britain during the Opium Wars?

During the Opium Wars, there were several military exchanges between China and Britain. The First Opium War (1839-1842) saw the British Royal Navy launching naval attacks on Chinese ports and coastal cities, such as the bombardment of Canton (Guangzhou) and the capture of Hong Kong. The British also conducted land operations, including the occupation of Chusan (Zhoushan) and the capture of Ningbo and Shanghai.

In the Second Opium War (1856-1860), the British and French forces formed an alliance against China. They launched a series of military campaigns, including the capture of Canton, the occupation of Beijing, and the destruction of the Old Summer Palace (Yuanmingyuan). The British also conducted naval operations along the Yangtze River, capturing several Chinese forts and cities.

Overall, the military exchanges between China and Britain during the Opium Wars involved naval bombardments, land operations, and the capture of key Chinese cities and territories.