What were the major conflicts and wars during the Middle Ages, such as the Hundred Years' War and the War of the Roses?

What were the major conflicts and wars during the Middle Ages, such as the Hundred Years' War and the War of the Roses?

During the Middle Ages, several major conflicts and wars took place, including the Hundred Years' War and the War of the Roses.

The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) was a series of conflicts between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France. It was primarily fought over territorial disputes and the English claim to the French throne. The war saw significant military advancements, such as the use of longbows by the English, and witnessed famous battles like the Battle of Agincourt (1415). The war eventually ended with the French emerging victorious and reclaiming most of their territories.

The War of the Roses (1455-1487) was a civil war in England between two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster (represented by a red rose) and the House of York (represented by a white rose). The conflict was primarily a struggle for the English throne and power. It involved several battles, including the Battle of Bosworth Field (1485), where Henry Tudor, representing the Lancastrians, defeated Richard III of the Yorkists, leading to the establishment of the Tudor dynasty.

Other significant conflicts during the Middle Ages include the Crusades (1096-1291), a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land; the Reconquista (711-1492), a long process of Christian kingdoms reclaiming the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule; and the Viking Invasions (8th-11th centuries), where Norse seafarers raided and settled in various parts of Europe.

These conflicts and wars during the Middle Ages had profound impacts on the political, social, and cultural landscape of Europe, shaping the course of history for centuries to come.