What were the key military innovations during the Hundred Years War?

During the Hundred Years War, several key military innovations emerged that significantly impacted the conduct of warfare. These innovations included:

1. Longbow: The English longbow was a game-changer in the conflict. It was a powerful weapon that had a longer range and higher accuracy compared to traditional bows. English archers, armed with longbows, played a crucial role in several battles, such as the Battle of Crécy and the Battle of Agincourt, where they inflicted heavy casualties on the enemy.

2. Cannon: The Hundred Years War witnessed the increasing use of cannons on the battlefield. These early artillery pieces were initially large and cumbersome, but they gradually became more effective and portable. Cannons played a significant role in sieges, breaking down fortifications and changing the dynamics of warfare.

3. Gunpowder: The use of gunpowder weapons, such as hand cannons and early firearms, became more prevalent during this period. While still relatively primitive, these weapons had a significant impact on the battlefield, gradually replacing traditional forms of warfare and armor.

4. Fortifications: The Hundred Years War saw the development of new defensive fortifications. Castles and fortified towns were built or improved to withstand the advancements in siege warfare. The use of artillery necessitated the construction of thicker walls and stronger fortifications, leading to the emergence of new defensive strategies.

5. Professional Armies: The war witnessed the rise of professional armies, composed of well-trained soldiers who were paid and equipped by the state. This shift from feudal levies to professional armies allowed for more disciplined and effective military forces.

6. Naval Warfare: The Hundred Years War also witnessed significant developments in naval warfare. Both the English and French utilized naval fleets to transport troops, conduct raids, and blockade enemy ports. The war saw the emergence of new naval tactics and the use of specialized naval vessels, such as galleys and carracks.

These military innovations during the Hundred Years War had a lasting impact on warfare, shaping the future of military tactics, technology, and strategy.