What were the main causes of the French Revolution?

The French Revolution, which took place from 1789 to 1799, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It was driven by a combination of long-term and immediate causes that ultimately led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic. The main causes of the French Revolution can be categorized into three broad categories: social, economic, and political.

1. Social Causes:
a) Inequality: The French society was divided into three estates, with the clergy and nobility enjoying privileges and exemptions from taxes, while the commoners, who constituted the majority of the population, faced heavy taxation and social inequality.
b) Enlightenment Ideas: The Enlightenment, a philosophical movement that emphasized reason, individual rights, and equality, spread throughout Europe and influenced French intellectuals. These ideas challenged the traditional social and political order, leading to demands for change and reform.

2. Economic Causes:
a) Financial Crisis: France faced a severe financial crisis due to extravagant spending by the monarchy, costly wars, and a regressive tax system. The state was burdened with a massive debt, leading to economic instability and widespread poverty.
b) Poor Harvests: A series of poor harvests in the late 1780s resulted in soaring food prices, exacerbating the economic hardships faced by the common people. This led to increased social unrest and discontent.

3. Political Causes:
a) Absolute Monarchy: France was ruled by an absolute monarchy, where King Louis XVI held absolute power and made decisions without consulting the people. The monarchy was seen as oppressive and out of touch with the needs and aspirations of the population.
b) Lack of Political Representation: The Third Estate, which represented the commoners, had no significant political power and was excluded from decision-making processes. This lack of representation and voice in governance fueled resentment and demands for political reform.

These causes created a volatile environment in France, characterized by social inequality, economic hardships, and political discontent. The combination of these factors led to widespread dissatisfaction among the French population, culminating in the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789.