How did Julius Caesar handle the Roman Senate?

Julius Caesar handled the Roman Senate in a variety of ways during his time as a political leader. Initially, he sought to maintain a cooperative relationship with the Senate and gain their support by presenting himself as a champion of the traditional Roman Republic. He held the consulship in 59 BCE and implemented several reforms to improve the lives of Roman citizens, such as land redistribution and the establishment of colonies.

However, as Caesar's power and influence grew, he began to assert his authority over the Senate more forcefully. He strategically appointed his loyal supporters to key positions within the Senate, ensuring that he had a majority of allies who would support his policies. Additionally, he expanded the Senate's membership by including individuals from Gaul and other conquered territories, further diluting the power of the traditional Roman aristocracy.

Caesar also bypassed the Senate on several occasions by using his popularity with the Roman people to pass legislation directly through the popular assemblies. This allowed him to enact reforms and policies without the need for Senate approval, further diminishing their influence.

In 49 BCE, Caesar crossed the Rubicon River with his army, an act that was considered treasonous and marked the beginning of a civil war. After emerging victorious, Caesar took direct control of the Roman government and effectively dissolved the Senate's power. He appointed himself as dictator perpetuo (dictator in perpetuity), which granted him absolute authority and made the Senate largely irrelevant.

Despite these actions, Caesar did not completely disregard the Senate. He continued to hold Senate meetings and sought their approval for some of his policies, although their role was largely ceremonial. Caesar also aimed to maintain a semblance of the traditional Roman Republic by preserving certain institutions and maintaining the appearance of a functioning Senate.

Overall, Julius Caesar handled the Roman Senate by initially seeking their support, gradually asserting his authority over them, and ultimately reducing their power and influence in favor of his own autocratic rule.