History Indus Valley Civilization Questions Medium
The timeline of the Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, spans from approximately 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. This ancient civilization thrived in the region of the Indian subcontinent, primarily in what is now modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. The timeline can be divided into three main phases: the Early Harappan Phase (3300-2600 BCE), the Mature Harappan Phase (2600-1900 BCE), and the Late Harappan Phase (1900-1300 BCE).
During the Early Harappan Phase, small farming villages began to emerge along the Indus River and its tributaries. These settlements gradually developed into larger urban centers, characterized by well-planned layouts, advanced drainage systems, and the use of standardized weights and measures. The most notable early sites include Mehrgarh and Kot Diji.
The Mature Harappan Phase marks the height of the Indus Valley Civilization. This period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE, witnessed the establishment of major cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. These cities were highly advanced for their time, featuring sophisticated urban planning, multi-story buildings, and an extensive trade network. The civilization also displayed remarkable achievements in arts and crafts, including pottery, jewelry, and sculpture.
The Late Harappan Phase, from 1900 to 1300 BCE, saw a decline in the urban centers of the Indus Valley Civilization. The reasons for this decline are still debated among historians and archaeologists, but factors such as environmental changes, natural disasters, and the arrival of new cultures may have contributed to the civilization's downfall. During this phase, smaller settlements and rural communities continued to exist, albeit with a significant decrease in complexity compared to the earlier periods.
It is important to note that the exact timeline and chronology of the Indus Valley Civilization are still subjects of ongoing research and debate. The dates provided here are approximate and based on current archaeological evidence.