What is the evidence of trade and economic systems in the Indus Valley Civilization?

The evidence of trade and economic systems in the Indus Valley Civilization can be seen through various archaeological findings and artifacts. One of the key pieces of evidence is the presence of standardized weights and measures, which suggests a well-developed system of trade and commerce. These standardized weights, made of stone, were used to measure goods and ensure fair trade.

Another piece of evidence is the discovery of seals made of steatite, a type of soft stone. These seals were intricately carved with various motifs and inscriptions, and they were used to mark and identify goods and containers. The presence of these seals indicates a sophisticated system of administration and trade, as they were likely used to certify the authenticity and quality of traded goods.

Furthermore, the discovery of a wide range of goods and materials from different regions suggests long-distance trade networks. Archaeologists have found evidence of trade with regions as far as Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), Afghanistan, and the Persian Gulf. These traded goods include precious stones, metals like gold and silver, copper tools, pottery, and even exotic materials like ivory and lapis lazuli.

The presence of granaries and storage facilities in the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization also indicates a well-organized economic system. These storage facilities were used to store surplus agricultural produce, suggesting a system of agricultural production and distribution.

Additionally, the layout and design of the cities themselves provide evidence of economic planning and trade. The cities were divided into different sectors, with residential areas, public buildings, and marketplaces. The presence of marketplaces suggests a thriving trade economy, where goods were bought and sold.

In conclusion, the evidence of standardized weights and measures, seals, long-distance trade networks, storage facilities, and the layout of the cities all point towards a well-developed trade and economic system in the Indus Valley Civilization.