History Ancient Greece Questions Long
The architecture of Ancient Greek temples is characterized by its distinctive and influential style, which has had a lasting impact on Western architecture. Greek temples were primarily built as religious sanctuaries dedicated to various gods and goddesses, and they served as the focal point of religious and civic life in ancient Greek cities.
One of the most prominent features of Greek temples is their use of columns. The three main types of columns used in Greek architecture are Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Doric order is the simplest and most robust, characterized by its plain, sturdy columns with no base and a capital consisting of a rounded echinus and a square abacus. The Ionic order is more slender and ornate, featuring columns with a base and a capital adorned with volutes, or spiral scrolls. The Corinthian order is the most elaborate, with columns that have a base and a capital decorated with acanthus leaves and small volutes.
Greek temples were typically rectangular in shape and were built on a raised platform called a stylobate. The temple was surrounded by a colonnade, or peristyle, which consisted of a row of columns on all sides. The number of columns varied depending on the size and style of the temple, with the most common being the peripteral temple, which had a single row of columns on all sides. Some temples, such as the Parthenon in Athens, had double rows of columns on the front and back, creating a porch known as a pronaos and an opisthodomos.
The entrance to the temple was usually located at the front, and it was marked by a porch called a portico. The portico often had columns in front of it, creating a grand entrance. The interior of the temple was divided into three main sections: the pronaos, the naos or cella (the main chamber housing the cult statue of the deity), and the opisthodomos. The naos was often surrounded by a colonnade, creating an ambulatory or walkway.
Greek temples were constructed using a variety of materials, including limestone, marble, and sandstone. The columns and other architectural elements were typically made of stone, while the walls of the temple were often constructed using mud bricks or wooden frames filled with rubble and covered with stucco. The roofs were made of terracotta tiles or marble slabs.
The decoration of Greek temples was an important aspect of their design. Sculptures, known as metopes, were often placed in the spaces between the triglyphs on the frieze of the Doric entablature. These metopes depicted various mythological scenes or heroic deeds. The pediments, or triangular gables at the front and back of the temple, were also adorned with sculptures depicting mythological figures or scenes.
In conclusion, the architecture of Ancient Greek temples was characterized by its use of columns, rectangular shape, raised platform, and decorative elements. These temples served as important religious and civic centers in ancient Greek society and continue to inspire and influence architectural design to this day.