What are the characteristics of urban informality?

The characteristics of urban informality include:

1. Lack of legal recognition: Informal settlements often lack legal recognition and are not officially recognized by the government or urban planning authorities.

2. Unauthorized land occupation: Informal settlements are typically established on land that is occupied without legal permission or ownership rights.

3. Inadequate infrastructure and services: Informal settlements often lack basic infrastructure such as roads, water supply, sanitation, and electricity. Access to essential services like healthcare and education is also limited.

4. Substandard housing: Informal housing is often characterized by poor construction quality, overcrowding, and lack of proper ventilation and sanitation facilities.

5. Informal economy: Informal settlements are often associated with a high prevalence of informal economic activities, such as street vending and small-scale informal businesses.

6. Social exclusion and marginalization: Informal settlements are often inhabited by marginalized and vulnerable populations, including low-income households, migrants, and ethnic minorities. These communities may face social exclusion and limited access to resources and opportunities.

7. Limited tenure security: Residents of informal settlements often lack formal land tenure rights, making them vulnerable to eviction and displacement.

8. Lack of urban planning and regulation: Informal settlements typically emerge in the absence of proper urban planning and regulation, leading to haphazard growth and lack of basic amenities.

9. Informal governance structures: Informal settlements often have their own informal governance structures, with community-based organizations playing a crucial role in managing local affairs and addressing community needs.

10. Resilience and adaptability: Despite their challenges, informal settlements often exhibit resilience and adaptability, with residents finding innovative solutions to meet their needs and improve their living conditions.