How were maps created before the advent of modern technology?

How were maps created before the advent of modern technology?

Before the advent of modern technology, maps were created through various methods. One common method was through the use of surveying techniques, where land measurements and observations were made on the ground and then translated onto paper. This involved using tools such as compasses, measuring chains, and theodolites. Another method was through the use of astronomical observations, where celestial bodies were used as reference points to determine locations on the Earth's surface. Additionally, maps were created through the compilation of existing maps and charts, as well as through the exploration and mapping of new territories by explorers and cartographers.