Describe the factors that contribute to low birth rates and low death rates in Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model.

In Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model, both birth rates and death rates are low. This stage is characterized by a stable population with a low rate of natural increase. Several factors contribute to these low rates:

1. Economic development: As countries progress economically, there is an increase in education, job opportunities, and access to healthcare. This leads to improved living standards and a decline in infant mortality rates, resulting in lower death rates.

2. Improved healthcare: Stage 4 countries have well-established healthcare systems that provide access to quality medical services, vaccinations, and disease prevention programs. This leads to a decrease in mortality rates, particularly among children and the elderly.

3. Urbanization: In Stage 4, there is a significant shift from rural to urban areas. Urbanization brings better access to healthcare facilities, sanitation, and clean water, which contribute to lower mortality rates. Additionally, urban areas often have better family planning services, leading to a decline in birth rates.

4. Increased education and empowerment of women: In Stage 4, women have greater access to education and employment opportunities. This leads to delayed marriages, increased use of contraception, and a higher focus on career development. As a result, women have fewer children, leading to lower birth rates.

5. Social and cultural changes: In Stage 4, there is a shift in societal norms and values, with smaller family sizes becoming more desirable. This change is often influenced by factors such as increased urbanization, education, and economic development. Additionally, the availability of family planning methods and changing attitudes towards gender roles contribute to lower birth rates.

Overall, the factors contributing to low birth rates and low death rates in Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model are economic development, improved healthcare, urbanization, increased education and empowerment of women, and social and cultural changes.