Demographic Transition Model Questions Long
In Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), birth rates remain high while death rates start to decline. This stage is characterized by rapid population growth as a result of a high birth rate and a decreasing death rate. Several factors contribute to these trends:
1. Improved healthcare: One of the primary factors leading to declining death rates in Stage 2 is the improvement in healthcare facilities and services. Access to better medical care, vaccinations, and antibiotics helps to reduce mortality rates, particularly among infants and children. This leads to a decrease in deaths caused by infectious diseases and other preventable illnesses.
2. Sanitation and hygiene: Along with improved healthcare, advancements in sanitation and hygiene practices also play a significant role in reducing death rates. Access to clean water, proper waste disposal systems, and improved personal hygiene practices help to prevent the spread of diseases, leading to a decline in mortality rates.
3. Increased food production: Another factor contributing to high birth rates in Stage 2 is the improvement in agricultural practices and increased food production. Technological advancements, such as the use of machinery, fertilizers, and irrigation systems, result in higher crop yields and improved food security. This leads to a decrease in malnutrition and starvation, which in turn contributes to higher birth rates.
4. Cultural and social factors: Cultural and social factors also influence birth rates in Stage 2. In many societies, having a large number of children is considered desirable for various reasons, such as ensuring economic security, providing support in old age, or maintaining social status. Additionally, limited access to contraception and family planning services may contribute to higher birth rates.
5. Economic factors: Economic conditions can also influence birth rates in Stage 2. In some developing countries, where agriculture is the primary occupation, having more children can be seen as an economic advantage. Children can contribute to the family's labor force and help with farming activities. Moreover, in countries with limited social security systems, having more children can be seen as a form of insurance against old age poverty.
Overall, the combination of improved healthcare, sanitation, increased food production, cultural and social factors, and economic conditions contribute to high birth rates and declining death rates in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model.