What were the major challenges faced by newly independent nations in terms of social cohesion?

The major challenges faced by newly independent nations in terms of social cohesion included:

1. Ethnic and religious divisions: Many newly independent nations were composed of diverse ethnic and religious groups, which often led to tensions and conflicts. Building a sense of national identity and unity among these diverse groups was a significant challenge.

2. Legacy of colonialism: Colonial powers often exploited and exacerbated existing divisions within societies, leaving behind a legacy of inequality and social injustice. Addressing these deep-rooted issues and promoting social equality was a major challenge for newly independent nations.

3. Economic disparities: Colonialism often resulted in the concentration of wealth and resources in the hands of a few, leaving the majority of the population impoverished. Bridging the economic gap and ensuring equitable distribution of resources was crucial for social cohesion.

4. Political instability: The transition from colonial rule to independence often led to political instability, with power struggles and conflicts emerging among different factions. Establishing stable and inclusive political systems was essential for fostering social cohesion.

5. Nation-building: Many newly independent nations had to create a sense of national identity and unity from diverse ethnic, linguistic, and cultural backgrounds. This required efforts to promote a shared national narrative, language, and symbols, while respecting and accommodating the diversity within the society.

6. Education and social integration: Providing quality education and promoting social integration were vital for fostering social cohesion. Access to education, especially for marginalized groups, was crucial in addressing inequalities and promoting a sense of belonging and shared values.

Overall, the major challenges faced by newly independent nations in terms of social cohesion revolved around addressing ethnic and religious divisions, overcoming the legacy of colonialism, bridging economic disparities, establishing stable political systems, promoting nation-building, and ensuring education and social integration.