What were the major challenges faced by newly independent nations in terms of regional cooperation?

The major challenges faced by newly independent nations in terms of regional cooperation included:

1. Historical divisions and conflicts: Many newly independent nations had a history of colonial rule, which often resulted in deep-rooted divisions and conflicts among different ethnic, religious, or linguistic groups within the region. These divisions made it difficult to foster trust and cooperation among nations.

2. Border disputes: The process of decolonization often left unresolved border disputes between newly independent nations. These disputes created tensions and hindered regional cooperation as countries focused on protecting their territorial claims rather than working together.

3. Economic disparities: Newly independent nations often faced significant economic disparities within the region. Some countries had more developed economies and infrastructure, while others were struggling with poverty and underdevelopment. These disparities made it challenging to establish a common economic agenda and promote regional economic integration.

4. Political instability: Many newly independent nations experienced political instability and power struggles in the aftermath of decolonization. Frequent changes in government and leadership made it difficult to maintain consistent regional cooperation and pursue common goals.

5. Lack of institutional frameworks: The absence of established regional institutions and frameworks for cooperation posed a significant challenge. Newly independent nations had to build these institutions from scratch, which required time, resources, and consensus among member states.

6. External interference: Some newly independent nations faced external interference from former colonial powers or other global powers. This interference often aimed to maintain influence or control over the region, undermining efforts for regional cooperation and self-determination.

Overall, these challenges made it difficult for newly independent nations to establish effective regional cooperation and work towards common goals in the early years of their independence.