What were the major challenges faced by newly independent nations in terms of natural resource management?

The major challenges faced by newly independent nations in terms of natural resource management included:

1. Economic dependence: Many newly independent nations relied heavily on the export of natural resources for their economic growth. However, this dependence made them vulnerable to fluctuations in global commodity prices, leading to economic instability.

2. Exploitation and extraction: During the colonial era, natural resources were often exploited and extracted by foreign powers for their own benefit. Newly independent nations had to establish their own systems for resource extraction and management, which required significant investment and expertise.

3. Environmental degradation: Colonial powers often prioritized resource extraction without considering the long-term environmental consequences. Newly independent nations had to address the environmental degradation caused by unsustainable practices and develop sustainable resource management strategies.

4. Lack of infrastructure and technology: Many newly independent nations lacked the necessary infrastructure and technology for efficient resource management. This hindered their ability to extract, process, and export resources effectively, leading to economic inefficiencies.

5. Political instability and corruption: The transition to independence often brought political instability and corruption, which further complicated natural resource management. Mismanagement and corruption in resource sectors could lead to resource depletion, unequal distribution of benefits, and social unrest.

6. International competition and unequal trade relations: Newly independent nations faced challenges in negotiating fair trade agreements and dealing with international competition. Unequal trade relations and exploitative practices by more powerful nations often hindered their ability to maximize the benefits from their natural resources.

Overall, the major challenges faced by newly independent nations in terms of natural resource management were economic dependence, exploitation, environmental degradation, lack of infrastructure and technology, political instability and corruption, and unequal trade relations.