What were the major challenges faced by newly independent nations in terms of governance?

The major challenges faced by newly independent nations in terms of governance included:

1. Building effective and inclusive political institutions: Many newly independent nations lacked strong political institutions and had to establish new systems of governance. This involved creating constitutions, establishing democratic processes, and ensuring the participation of diverse ethnic and social groups.

2. Managing ethnic and religious tensions: Colonialism often exacerbated ethnic and religious divisions within nations. Newly independent nations had to address these tensions and find ways to promote unity and social cohesion among diverse populations.

3. Economic development and nation-building: Many newly independent nations faced economic challenges, including limited infrastructure, lack of industrialization, and dependence on former colonial powers. They had to develop strategies for economic growth, job creation, and reducing poverty to build a strong national identity.

4. Establishing effective public administration: The colonial era often left a legacy of weak and corrupt public administration systems. Newly independent nations had to reform and strengthen their bureaucracies to ensure efficient service delivery and good governance.

5. Balancing national and regional interests: Some newly independent nations faced challenges in managing regional or ethnic tensions within their borders. They had to find ways to balance the interests of different regions or ethnic groups while maintaining national unity.

6. Overcoming the legacy of colonialism: Many newly independent nations had to overcome the social, economic, and political inequalities created by colonial rule. This involved addressing issues such as land redistribution, education reform, and promoting social justice.

Overall, the major challenges faced by newly independent nations in terms of governance were building effective political institutions, managing ethnic and religious tensions, promoting economic development, establishing efficient public administration, balancing national and regional interests, and overcoming the legacy of colonialism.