What were the major challenges faced by newly independent nations in terms of environmental sustainability?

The major challenges faced by newly independent nations in terms of environmental sustainability included:

1. Deforestation and loss of biodiversity: Many newly independent nations faced the challenge of deforestation due to increased demand for timber, agricultural expansion, and urbanization. This led to the loss of valuable ecosystems and biodiversity.

2. Pollution and waste management: Rapid industrialization and urbanization often resulted in increased pollution levels, including air and water pollution. Newly independent nations struggled to establish effective waste management systems to deal with the growing amount of waste generated.

3. Natural resource exploitation: Newly independent nations often faced the challenge of managing their natural resources sustainably. The extraction of minerals, oil, and gas often led to environmental degradation and the depletion of resources.

4. Climate change and vulnerability: Many newly independent nations were particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and changing rainfall patterns. These nations faced challenges in adapting to and mitigating the effects of climate change.

5. Lack of environmental regulations and enforcement: Newly independent nations often lacked the necessary environmental regulations and enforcement mechanisms to address environmental issues effectively. This hindered their ability to protect their natural resources and ensure sustainable development.

Overall, the major challenges faced by newly independent nations in terms of environmental sustainability were deforestation, pollution, natural resource exploitation, climate change vulnerability, and the lack of environmental regulations and enforcement.