Biomes And Ecosystems Questions
Ecological succession refers to the gradual and predictable process of change in the species composition and structure of an ecosystem over time. It occurs in response to disturbances or changes in environmental conditions. There are two types of ecological succession: primary and secondary.
Primary succession occurs in areas where no soil or organisms exist, such as on newly formed volcanic islands or after a glacier retreats. The process begins with pioneer species, such as lichens and mosses, which can tolerate harsh conditions and help in soil formation. As these pioneer species die and decompose, they contribute to the development of soil, allowing for the colonization of more complex plants like grasses and shrubs. Over time, trees and other large plants establish, leading to the formation of a mature and stable ecosystem.
Secondary succession occurs in areas where soil and some organisms are already present, but the ecosystem has been disturbed or disrupted, such as after a forest fire or human activities like logging. The process starts with the growth of fast-growing and opportunistic species, such as grasses and weeds. These species help in soil stabilization and nutrient cycling. As the ecosystem recovers, more complex and diverse species gradually replace the initial colonizers, leading to the restoration of a more mature and stable ecosystem.
Overall, ecological succession is a natural process that allows ecosystems to recover and develop over time, leading to increased biodiversity and stability.