What were the major achievements of the Indus Valley Civilization?

The major achievements of the Indus Valley Civilization include advancements in urban planning, architecture, and sanitation systems.

One of the notable achievements of the Indus Valley Civilization was their sophisticated urban planning. The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, for example, were meticulously planned with well-organized street grids, brick houses, and public buildings. The cities also had a complex drainage system with underground sewers, which indicates a high level of engineering and sanitation knowledge.

Another significant achievement of the Indus Valley Civilization was their advanced architecture. The cities featured large, multi-story buildings made of fired bricks, which were an innovative construction technique at that time. The structures were well-designed and included public baths, granaries, and assembly halls, showcasing the civilization's architectural prowess.

The Indus Valley Civilization also made advancements in trade and transportation. Archaeological evidence suggests that they had a well-established trade network, with goods such as pottery, beads, and precious stones being exchanged with other regions. The civilization's strategic location along major trade routes contributed to their economic prosperity.

Furthermore, the Indus Valley Civilization had a system of writing, known as the Indus script. Although it has not been fully deciphered, the existence of this script indicates a developed form of communication and record-keeping.

Lastly, the Indus Valley Civilization had a sophisticated agricultural system. They practiced advanced farming techniques, including the use of irrigation systems to cultivate crops such as wheat, barley, and cotton. This agricultural surplus likely contributed to the civilization's economic stability and growth.

Overall, the major achievements of the Indus Valley Civilization demonstrate their advanced knowledge in urban planning, architecture, sanitation, trade, writing, and agriculture. These accomplishments highlight the civilization's high level of sophistication and contribute to our understanding of ancient civilizations.