Reported Speech: Questions And Answers

Explore Medium Answer Questions to deepen your understanding of reported speech.



74 Short 67 Medium 44 Long Answer Questions Question Index

Question 1. What is reported speech?

Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is a way of reporting or paraphrasing someone's words or statements without using their exact words. It involves conveying the meaning or content of what someone said, while also making necessary changes to pronouns, tenses, time expressions, and other elements to fit the context of the reporting speech. In reported speech, the speaker usually reports what someone else said in the past tense, and the reporting verb is often followed by a reporting clause that introduces the reported speech. This form of speech is commonly used in storytelling, interviews, conversations, and other situations where one person is relaying information or recounting what someone else said.

Question 2. Explain the concept of direct speech and indirect speech.

Direct speech refers to the exact words spoken by someone, while indirect speech is a way of reporting what someone said without using their exact words. In direct speech, the speaker's words are enclosed in quotation marks and are presented as they were spoken, including any grammatical errors or informal language. For example, if someone says, "I am going to the store," in direct speech it would be written as, "I am going to the store."

On the other hand, indirect speech involves reporting what someone said without using their exact words. The reported speech is usually introduced by a reporting verb such as "said" or "told." In indirect speech, the tense, pronouns, and other elements may change to fit the context of the reporting. For example, if someone says, "I am going to the store," in indirect speech it would be reported as, "He/she said that he/she was going to the store."

Indirect speech is often used when we want to report what someone said in a more formal or concise manner, or when we are summarizing a conversation or speech. It allows us to convey the meaning of the original speech while adapting it to fit the grammatical and contextual requirements of the reporting.

Question 3. What are the key differences between direct and indirect speech?

The key differences between direct and indirect speech lie in the way information is reported and the changes in verb tense, pronouns, and adverbs.

In direct speech, the exact words spoken by someone are reported within quotation marks. The verb tense, pronouns, and adverbs remain unchanged. For example, if someone says, "I am going to the store," in direct speech, it would be reported as, "I am going to the store."

On the other hand, in indirect speech, the speaker's words are reported indirectly without using quotation marks. The verb tense, pronouns, and adverbs are often changed to reflect the shift from the original speaker to the reporting speaker. For example, if someone says, "I am going to the store," in indirect speech, it would be reported as, "He/she said that he/she was going to the store."

Additionally, in indirect speech, there are other changes that may occur depending on the context, such as changes in time expressions, demonstratives, and possessive pronouns.

Overall, the key differences between direct and indirect speech involve the reporting of exact words versus indirect reporting, as well as the necessary changes in verb tense, pronouns, and adverbs.

Question 4. How do you change a sentence from direct speech to indirect speech?

To change a sentence from direct speech to indirect speech, there are a few key steps to follow:

1. Identify the reporting verb: Determine the verb that will introduce the reported speech. Common reporting verbs include "say," "tell," "ask," etc.

2. Change the pronouns: Adjust the pronouns in the reported speech to match the subject of the reporting verb. For example, if the direct speech includes "I," it may change to "he/she" or "they" in the indirect speech.

3. Change the verb tense: Shift the verb tense in the reported speech according to the rules of sequence of tenses. For example, if the direct speech is in the present tense, it may change to the past tense in the indirect speech.

4. Change time and place references: Modify any time and place references in the reported speech to reflect the new context of the indirect speech.

5. Use reporting clauses or conjunctions: Introduce the reported speech with appropriate reporting clauses or conjunctions such as "that," "if," "whether," etc.

6. Punctuate correctly: Use quotation marks for direct speech and remove them in indirect speech. Additionally, adjust punctuation marks and sentence structure as needed.

By following these steps, you can effectively change a sentence from direct speech to indirect speech.

Question 5. What are the reporting verbs commonly used in reported speech?

The reporting verbs commonly used in reported speech include "say," "tell," "ask," "explain," "mention," "state," "claim," "suggest," "admit," "promise," "warn," "recommend," "insist," "deny," "announce," "inform," "reply," "agree," "disagree," "complain," "request," "demand," "encourage," "persuade," "remind," "offer," "refuse," "apologize," "thank," "congratulate," "compliment," "criticize," "express," "express concern," "express surprise," "express disappointment," "express satisfaction," "express happiness," "express sadness," "express anger," "express frustration," "express confusion," "express doubt," "express disbelief," "express hope," "express fear," "express excitement," "express relief," "express gratitude," "express sympathy," "express regret," "express admiration," "express astonishment," "express approval," "express disapproval," "express agreement," "express disagreement," "express understanding," "express confusion," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express 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uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express 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certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty," "express uncertainty," "express certainty,"

Question 6. Provide examples of reporting verbs used in reported speech.

There are several reporting verbs that can be used in reported speech to convey the words or thoughts of someone else. Some common examples of reporting verbs include:

1. Say: She said, "I am going to the store."
2. Tell: He told me, "I will be late for the meeting."
3. Explain: The teacher explained, "The exam will be held next week."
4. Ask: She asked, "Can you help me with this assignment?"
5. Suggest: He suggested, "We should go out for dinner tonight."
6. Claim: The scientist claimed, "This new drug can cure cancer."
7. Admit: He admitted, "I made a mistake."
8. Deny: She denied, "I didn't steal anything."
9. Promise: He promised, "I will always be there for you."
10. Warn: The sign warned, "Beware of the dog."

These are just a few examples of reporting verbs that can be used in reported speech.

Question 7. What are the changes in pronouns when converting from direct to indirect speech?

When converting from direct to indirect speech, there are several changes in pronouns that occur. Here are the main changes:

1. First-person pronouns: The first-person pronouns (I, we) usually change according to the subject of the reporting verb. For example, "I" changes to "he/she" or "they" depending on the context.

2. Second-person pronouns: The second-person pronouns (you) generally change to "he/she" or "they" as well, depending on the subject of the reporting verb.

3. Third-person pronouns: The third-person pronouns (he, she, it, they) may change depending on the context. If the reported speech is about the same person or thing, the pronouns usually remain the same. However, if the reported speech is about a different person or thing, the pronouns may change accordingly.

4. Possessive pronouns: Possessive pronouns (my, your, his, her, their) also change when converting to indirect speech. They usually change to "his," "her," or "their" depending on the context.

5. Demonstrative pronouns: Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those) may change when converting to indirect speech. They usually change to "that" or "those" depending on the context.

It is important to note that the changes in pronouns depend on the specific context and the reporting verb used. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully analyze the sentence and consider the appropriate changes when converting from direct to indirect speech.

Question 8. Explain the changes in tenses when converting from direct to indirect speech.

When converting from direct to indirect speech, there are several changes in tenses that occur. These changes depend on the tense of the verb in the original direct speech and the reporting verb used in the indirect speech. Here are the general rules for changing tenses:

1. Present Simple tense:
- If the reporting verb is in the present tense, there is no change in the tense of the verb in the reported speech.
- Example: Direct speech - "I love ice cream." Indirect speech - She says that she loves ice cream.

2. Present Continuous tense:
- If the reporting verb is in the present tense, the present continuous tense in the direct speech changes to the past continuous tense in the indirect speech.
- Example: Direct speech - "I am studying for my exam." Indirect speech - He says that he was studying for his exam.

3. Present Perfect tense:
- If the reporting verb is in the present tense, the present perfect tense in the direct speech changes to the past perfect tense in the indirect speech.
- Example: Direct speech - "They have already left." Indirect speech - She says that they had already left.

4. Past Simple tense:
- If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the past simple tense in the direct speech changes to the past perfect tense in the indirect speech.
- Example: Direct speech - "I went to the park." Indirect speech - He said that he had gone to the park.

5. Past Continuous tense:
- If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the past continuous tense in the direct speech changes to the past perfect continuous tense in the indirect speech.
- Example: Direct speech - "She was cooking dinner." Indirect speech - They said that she had been cooking dinner.

6. Past Perfect tense:
- If the reporting verb is in the past tense, there is no change in the tense of the verb in the reported speech.
- Example: Direct speech - "He had already finished his work." Indirect speech - She said that he had already finished his work.

7. Future tenses:
- If the reporting verb is in the present tense, the future tense in the direct speech changes to the conditional tense in the indirect speech.
- Example: Direct speech - "I will call you tomorrow." Indirect speech - He says that he would call me the next day.

These are the general rules for changing tenses when converting from direct to indirect speech. However, it is important to note that there may be exceptions and variations depending on the specific context and reporting verb used.

Question 9. How do you report questions in indirect speech?

When reporting questions in indirect speech, there are a few key steps to follow. First, we need to change the question into a statement. This means removing the question mark and rephrasing the sentence. For example, "Where are you going?" becomes "He asked where I was going."

Next, we need to introduce the reported speech using an appropriate reporting verb such as "asked," "inquired," or "wondered." This helps to indicate that someone else asked the question.

Additionally, we may need to change the pronouns and verb tenses to match the new context. For example, "Are you coming?" becomes "She asked if I was coming."

It is important to note that when reporting yes/no questions, we use "if" or "whether" to introduce the reported speech. For example, "Did you see him?" becomes "He asked if/whether I had seen him."

Lastly, we may need to make other changes such as time expressions, adverbs, or demonstratives to fit the new context.

Overall, the process of reporting questions in indirect speech involves changing the question into a statement, introducing the reported speech with an appropriate reporting verb, adjusting pronouns and verb tenses, using "if" or "whether" for yes/no questions, and making any necessary changes to other elements of the sentence.

Question 10. What are the rules for reporting yes/no questions in indirect speech?

The rules for reporting yes/no questions in indirect speech are as follows:

1. Change the question into a statement: The question word order is changed to a statement word order. For example, "Did you go to the party?" becomes "He asked if I went to the party."

2. Use the reporting verb "ask" or "wonder": These verbs are commonly used to report yes/no questions. For example, "Did you finish your homework?" becomes "She asked if I had finished my homework."

3. Use the appropriate reporting verb tense: The tense of the reporting verb is changed according to the tense of the original question. For example, if the original question was in the past tense, the reporting verb should be in the past tense as well.

4. Use the appropriate reporting pronouns: The pronouns in the reported speech should be changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker in the indirect speech. For example, "Did you see him?" becomes "She asked if I had seen him."

5. Use "whether" instead of "if" for reporting yes/no questions: In formal English, "whether" is used instead of "if" to report yes/no questions. For example, "Did you pass the exam?" becomes "He asked whether I had passed the exam."

It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the specific reporting verb used.

Question 11. What are the rules for reporting wh-questions in indirect speech?

The rules for reporting wh-questions in indirect speech are as follows:

1. Change the question word: The question word (e.g., who, what, where, when, why, how) is changed to the corresponding interrogative pronoun or adverb in the reported speech. For example, "Where are you going?" becomes "She asked where I was going."

2. Change the verb tense: The verb tense in the reported speech is usually shifted back one tense. For example, if the original question was in the present tense, it would be reported in the past tense. "What do you want?" becomes "He asked what I wanted."

3. Change the pronouns: Pronouns in the reported speech are changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker in the reported speech. For example, "Who is coming with you?" becomes "She asked who was coming with me."

4. Use reporting verbs: Use appropriate reporting verbs such as ask, inquire, wonder, or want to know to introduce the reported speech. For example, "How long have you been here?" becomes "He wondered how long I had been there."

5. Maintain the word order: Keep the word order of the reported speech as a statement, not a question. For example, "Why did you do that?" becomes "She asked why I had done that."

It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and tense of the original question.

Question 12. Explain the changes in question words when reporting wh-questions in indirect speech.

When reporting wh-questions in indirect speech, there are certain changes that occur to the question words. Here are the changes that take place:

1. "What" changes to "what" or "the thing that":
- Example: "What is your favorite color?" becomes "He asked me what my favorite color was."

2. "Where" changes to "where" or "the place where":
- Example: "Where is the nearest supermarket?" becomes "She asked me where the nearest supermarket was."

3. "When" changes to "when" or "the time when":
- Example: "When is the meeting scheduled?" becomes "They asked me when the meeting was scheduled."

4. "Why" changes to "why" or "the reason why":
- Example: "Why did you quit your job?" becomes "He asked me why I had quit my job."

5. "Who" changes to "who" or "the person who":
- Example: "Who is coming to the party?" becomes "She asked me who was coming to the party."

6. "Whose" changes to "whose" or "the person's whose":
- Example: "Whose car is parked outside?" becomes "They asked me whose car was parked outside."

7. "Which" changes to "which" or "the one which":
- Example: "Which book did you choose?" becomes "He asked me which book I had chosen."

8. "How" changes to "how" or "the way in which":
- Example: "How did you solve the problem?" becomes "She asked me how I had solved the problem."

It is important to note that the tense and pronoun changes also occur in indirect speech, along with the changes in question words.

Question 13. What are the rules for reporting imperative sentences in indirect speech?

The rules for reporting imperative sentences in indirect speech are as follows:

1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb should be changed to a suitable verb that indicates a command or request, such as "ask," "tell," "order," or "request."

2. Use the reporting verb in the appropriate tense: The tense of the reporting verb should be adjusted according to the tense of the imperative sentence. For example, if the imperative sentence is in the present tense, the reporting verb should be in the present tense as well.

3. Use the word "to" before the verb: Insert the word "to" before the verb in the reported speech. For example, "He told me to go" instead of "He said, 'Go.'"

4. Change the pronouns and possessive adjectives: Adjust the pronouns and possessive adjectives in the reported speech to match the subject of the reporting verb. For example, "She told him to come" instead of "She said, 'Come.'"

5. Change the sentence structure: If necessary, change the sentence structure from imperative to a declarative sentence. For example, "He ordered me to leave" instead of "Leave!"

It is important to note that the reporting verb and tense may vary depending on the context and the specific sentence being reported.

Question 14. Provide examples of reported imperatives.

Reported imperatives are used to report commands, requests, or instructions given by someone else. In reported speech, imperatives are usually changed into infinitives or gerunds. Here are some examples of reported imperatives:

1. Direct speech: "Clean your room!"
Reported speech: She told me to clean my room.

2. Direct speech: "Don't touch that!"
Reported speech: He told me not to touch that.

3. Direct speech: "Please be quiet."
Reported speech: They asked me to please be quiet.

4. Direct speech: "Open the window, please."
Reported speech: She asked me to open the window.

5. Direct speech: "Don't forget to call me."
Reported speech: He reminded me not to forget to call him.

6. Direct speech: "Take your umbrella with you."
Reported speech: They advised me to take my umbrella with me.

7. Direct speech: "Don't eat too much junk food."
Reported speech: She warned me not to eat too much junk food.

8. Direct speech: "Please turn off the lights."
Reported speech: He requested me to turn off the lights.

9. Direct speech: "Don't be late for the meeting."
Reported speech: They told me not to be late for the meeting.

10. Direct speech: "Finish your homework before dinner."
Reported speech: She instructed me to finish my homework before dinner.

Remember, when reporting imperatives, it is important to change the pronouns, tenses, and time expressions if necessary.

Question 15. How do you report requests, orders, and advice in indirect speech?

When reporting requests, orders, and advice in indirect speech, there are certain changes that need to be made. Here is how you can report them:

1. Requests:
- The verb 'ask' is used to report requests. For example, "Can you pass me the book?" becomes "He asked me if I could pass him the book."
- The verb 'request' can also be used. For example, "Could you please help me?" becomes "She requested me to help her."

2. Orders:
- The verb 'tell' is used to report orders. For example, "Clean your room!" becomes "She told me to clean my room."
- The verb 'order' can also be used. For example, "Don't be late!" becomes "He ordered me not to be late."

3. Advice:
- The verb 'advise' is used to report advice. For example, "You should study more." becomes "They advised me to study more."
- The verb 'suggest' can also be used. For example, "Why don't you try a different approach?" becomes "He suggested that I try a different approach."

In reported speech, it is important to change the pronouns, tenses, and time expressions according to the original statement. Additionally, the reporting verb may need to be modified to match the context.

Question 16. Explain the changes in modals when converting from direct to indirect speech.

When converting from direct to indirect speech, there are certain changes that occur in modals. Modals are auxiliary verbs that express possibility, necessity, ability, permission, and other similar concepts. The changes in modals when converting from direct to indirect speech are as follows:

1. "Will" changes to "would": When reporting a statement or question with "will," it changes to "would" in indirect speech. For example, "He said, 'I will come tomorrow'" becomes "He said that he would come tomorrow."

2. "Can" changes to "could": The modal "can" changes to "could" in indirect speech. For instance, "She said, 'I can swim'" becomes "She said that she could swim."

3. "May" changes to "might": The modal "may" changes to "might" in indirect speech. For example, "They said, 'May I leave early?'" becomes "They asked if they might leave early."

4. "Must" changes to "had to" or "must" changes to "had to" or "would have to": The modal "must" changes to "had to" in indirect speech to express obligation or necessity. For instance, "He said, 'I must finish this today'" becomes "He said that he had to finish that day." However, if the speaker is referring to a past event, "must" can also change to "would have to." For example, "She said, 'I must have left my keys at home'" becomes "She said that she would have to have left her keys at home."

5. "Shall" changes to "should" or "would": The modal "shall" changes to "should" or "would" in indirect speech. For example, "He said, 'Shall we go for a walk?'" becomes "He asked if they should go for a walk."

6. "Ought to" changes to "ought to" or "should": The modal "ought to" remains the same in indirect speech, but it can also change to "should." For instance, "She said, 'You ought to apologize'" becomes "She said that he ought to apologize" or "She said that he should apologize."

It is important to note that these changes may vary depending on the context and tense of the reported speech. Additionally, other modals such as "could," "would," "might," "should," and "ought to" generally remain the same in indirect speech.

Question 17. What are the rules for reporting statements in indirect speech?

The rules for reporting statements in indirect speech are as follows:

1. Change the tense: The tense of the reported statement is usually shifted back in time. For example, if the original statement is in the present tense, it is changed to the past tense in indirect speech.

2. Change pronouns and possessive adjectives: The pronouns and possessive adjectives in the reported statement are usually changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker in indirect speech. For example, "I" becomes "he/she" and "my" becomes "his/her."

3. Change time and place references: Time and place references in the reported statement are often adjusted to match the perspective of the speaker in indirect speech. For example, "today" may become "that day" and "here" may become "there."

4. Use reporting verbs: Reporting verbs such as "say," "tell," "ask," etc., are used to introduce the reported statement. These verbs are followed by a reporting clause that contains the reported statement.

5. Use reporting clauses: Reporting clauses are used to introduce the reported statement and can be introduced by reporting verbs or other expressions. For example, "He said that..." or "She told me that..."

6. Use appropriate reporting words: Words such as "that," "if," "whether," etc., are used to introduce reported statements depending on the type of sentence being reported.

It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and the type of sentence being reported.

Question 18. Provide examples of reported statements.

Sure! Here are some examples of reported statements:

1. Direct speech: "I am going to the party tonight," said John.
Reported speech: John said that he was going to the party tonight.

2. Direct speech: "I love chocolate," she exclaimed.
Reported speech: She exclaimed that she loved chocolate.

3. Direct speech: "I will finish the project by tomorrow," he promised.
Reported speech: He promised that he would finish the project by the next day.

4. Direct speech: "I have already booked the tickets," she informed us.
Reported speech: She informed us that she had already booked the tickets.

5. Direct speech: "I can't come to the meeting," he apologized.
Reported speech: He apologized for not being able to come to the meeting.

In reported speech, we usually change the tense, pronouns, and adverbs to match the context of the reporting verb and the time of the reported statement.

Question 19. How do you report exclamations in indirect speech?

When reporting exclamations in indirect speech, we usually use the reporting verb "exclaimed" or "said" followed by the conjunction "that." The exclamation mark is replaced with a full stop. The word order and tense may also change depending on the situation. For example:

Direct speech: "What a beautiful sunset!" she exclaimed.
Indirect speech: She exclaimed that it was a beautiful sunset.

Direct speech: "I can't believe it!" he said.
Indirect speech: He said that he couldn't believe it.

It is important to note that the intensity of the exclamation may be lost in indirect speech, so it is essential to choose appropriate reporting verbs and adverbs to convey the speaker's emotion accurately.

Question 20. Explain the changes in adverbs of time and place when converting from direct to indirect speech.

When converting from direct to indirect speech, there are certain changes that occur in adverbs of time and place.

In reported speech, adverbs of time and place usually undergo the following changes:

1. Adverbs of time:
- Words like "today," "yesterday," and "tomorrow" generally change to "that day," "the previous day," and "the following day" respectively.
- Adverbs indicating a specific time, such as "at 3 o'clock," are usually changed to "at that time" or "at the specified time."
- Adverbs like "now" and "then" are often changed to "at that moment" or "at that time."

2. Adverbs of place:
- Words like "here" and "there" are typically changed to "there" and "in that place" respectively.
- Adverbs indicating a specific place, such as "in the park," are usually changed to "in that place" or "at the specified place."

It is important to note that these changes may vary depending on the context and the specific adverb being used. Additionally, it is essential to consider the tense and pronoun changes that occur when converting from direct to indirect speech.

Question 21. What are the rules for reporting expressions of time and place in indirect speech?

The rules for reporting expressions of time and place in indirect speech are as follows:

1. Time expressions:
- If the reported speech is still true or relevant at the time of reporting, the time expression remains unchanged.
Example: She said, "I will meet you tomorrow." → She said that she will meet me tomorrow.
- If the reported speech refers to a future time, the time expression is usually changed to the corresponding past time expression.
Example: He said, "I am going to visit my parents next week." → He said that he was going to visit his parents the following week.
- If the reported speech refers to a past time, the time expression is usually changed to the corresponding past time expression.
Example: They said, "We went to the beach yesterday." → They said that they had gone to the beach the day before.

2. Place expressions:
- If the reported speech is still true or relevant at the time of reporting, the place expression remains unchanged.
Example: She said, "I am at the library." → She said that she was at the library.
- If the reported speech refers to a future place, the place expression is usually changed to the corresponding past place expression.
Example: He said, "I will go to Paris next month." → He said that he would go to Paris the following month.
- If the reported speech refers to a past place, the place expression is usually changed to the corresponding past place expression.
Example: They said, "We visited London last year." → They said that they had visited London the previous year.

It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the tense of the reported speech.

Question 22. Provide examples of reported expressions of time and place.

Reported expressions of time and place are used when we report someone's words or thoughts about when or where something happened. Here are some examples:

1. Direct speech: "I will meet you at the park tomorrow," she said.
Reported speech: She said that she would meet me at the park the next day.

2. Direct speech: "We went to the beach last summer," he said.
Reported speech: He said that they had gone to the beach the previous summer.

3. Direct speech: "I am leaving for London tonight," he said.
Reported speech: He said that he was leaving for London that night.

4. Direct speech: "The concert is starting at 8 p.m.," they said.
Reported speech: They said that the concert was starting at 8 p.m.

5. Direct speech: "I saw her at the supermarket yesterday," he said.
Reported speech: He said that he had seen her at the supermarket the day before.

In reported speech, we usually need to make changes to the time and place expressions to reflect the shift from the original speaker's perspective to the reporting speaker's perspective.

Question 23. What is the role of tense backshifting in reported speech?

The role of tense backshifting in reported speech is to accurately convey the original speaker's intended meaning while adjusting the verb tenses to reflect the change from direct speech to indirect speech. Tense backshifting involves changing the tense of the verb in reported speech to match the tense that would have been used if the statement had been made directly. This helps to maintain the chronological order of events and ensure that the reported speech is grammatically correct. By backshifting the tense, the reported speech remains consistent with the time frame of the reporting verb or the context in which it is being reported.

Question 24. Explain the concept of tense backshifting in reported speech.

Tense backshifting in reported speech refers to the change in verb tense that occurs when reporting someone's words or thoughts. When we report what someone else has said, we often need to change the tense of the verbs to reflect the time of the original statement.

The general rule for tense backshifting is as follows:

1. Present tense: When reporting a statement made in the present tense, we usually backshift the verb to the past tense.
Example: Direct speech - "I am going to the party." Reported speech - She said that she was going to the party.

2. Past tense: When reporting a statement made in the past tense, we usually backshift the verb to the past perfect tense.
Example: Direct speech - "I studied for the exam." Reported speech - He said that he had studied for the exam.

3. Future tense: When reporting a statement made in the future tense, we usually backshift the verb to the conditional tense.
Example: Direct speech - "I will call you tomorrow." Reported speech - She said that she would call me the next day.

It is important to note that tense backshifting is not always necessary. If the reported statement is still true or relevant at the time of reporting, we can choose to keep the original tense.
Example: Direct speech - "I love chocolate." Reported speech - She said that she loves chocolate.

In summary, tense backshifting in reported speech involves changing the verb tense to reflect the time of the original statement. This helps to accurately convey the speaker's words or thoughts in a reported context.

Question 25. What are the exceptions to tense backshifting in reported speech?

The exceptions to tense backshifting in reported speech are as follows:

1. Present simple and present continuous: If the reported statement is still true or relevant at the time of reporting, there is no need to backshift the tense. For example:
- Direct speech: "I am going to the party tonight."
- Reported speech: He said he is going to the party tonight.

2. Present perfect and past simple: If the reported statement refers to a past event or situation that is still true or relevant at the time of reporting, the tense remains unchanged. For example:
- Direct speech: "I have visited Paris before."
- Reported speech: She said she has visited Paris before.

3. Future forms: If the reported statement refers to a future event or situation, the tense can remain unchanged or be backshifted depending on the context. For example:
- Direct speech: "I will call you tomorrow."
- Reported speech (no backshifting): He said he will call me tomorrow.
- Reported speech (backshifting): He said he would call me the next day.

It is important to note that these exceptions may vary depending on the specific context and the speaker's intention.

Question 26. How do you report statements with present tenses in indirect speech?

When reporting statements with present tenses in indirect speech, there are a few key changes that need to be made. Firstly, the reporting verb needs to be changed to a past tense verb, such as "said" or "told." Secondly, the pronouns and possessive adjectives may need to be changed to reflect the new subject of the reported speech. Additionally, any time expressions indicating the present need to be changed to reflect the past. Finally, the verb tense in the reported speech needs to be changed to reflect the past as well. For example, if the original statement is "I am going to the store," it would be reported as "He said he was going to the store."

Question 27. How do you report statements with past tenses in indirect speech?

When reporting statements with past tenses in indirect speech, there are a few key changes that need to be made. Firstly, the reporting verb needs to be changed to a past tense, such as "said" or "told." Secondly, the pronouns and possessive adjectives may need to be changed to reflect the new subject of the reported speech. Thirdly, the verb tenses within the reported speech need to be shifted back one tense. For example, if the original statement was in the simple past tense, it would be changed to the past perfect tense in the reported speech. Additionally, time and place expressions may need to be adjusted to reflect the new context. Overall, the main idea is to accurately convey the original statement while adjusting the verb tenses and other elements to fit the indirect speech format.

Question 28. How do you report statements with future tenses in indirect speech?

When reporting statements with future tenses in indirect speech, we generally make changes to the verb tense and pronouns. The following guidelines can be followed:

1. If the reported statement is in the future simple tense (will + base form of the verb), we change it to the conditional tense (would + base form of the verb).
Example:
Direct speech: She said, "I will visit my grandparents tomorrow."
Indirect speech: She said that she would visit her grandparents the next day.

2. If the reported statement is in the future continuous tense (will be + present participle), we change it to the conditional continuous tense (would be + present participle).
Example:
Direct speech: He said, "I will be studying for my exams next week."
Indirect speech: He said that he would be studying for his exams the following week.

3. If the reported statement is in the future perfect tense (will have + past participle), we change it to the conditional perfect tense (would have + past participle).
Example:
Direct speech: They said, "We will have finished the project by Friday."
Indirect speech: They said that they would have finished the project by the following Friday.

It is important to note that when reporting future tenses in indirect speech, the time expressions may also need to be adjusted to reflect the change in time.

Question 29. What are the rules for reporting conditional sentences in indirect speech?

The rules for reporting conditional sentences in indirect speech are as follows:

1. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verb in the conditional clause remains unchanged.
Example:
He said, "If I had enough money, I would buy a new car." (Direct speech)
He said that if he had enough money, he would buy a new car. (Indirect speech)

2. If the reporting verb is in the present tense, the verb in the conditional clause changes to the past tense.
Example:
She says, "If I see him, I will tell him the news." (Direct speech)
She says that if she saw him, she would tell him the news. (Indirect speech)

3. If the reporting verb is in the present perfect tense, the verb in the conditional clause changes to the past perfect tense.
Example:
They have said, "If we have time, we will visit the museum." (Direct speech)
They have said that if they had had time, they would have visited the museum. (Indirect speech)

4. If the reporting verb is in the past perfect tense, the verb in the conditional clause changes to the past perfect tense.
Example:
He had mentioned, "If I had known, I would have helped." (Direct speech)
He had mentioned that if he had known, he would have helped. (Indirect speech)

It is important to note that when reporting conditional sentences in indirect speech, the word "if" is usually replaced with "whether" or omitted altogether. Additionally, the pronouns and adverbs may need to be changed to reflect the shift in perspective.

Question 30. Provide examples of reported conditional sentences.

Reported conditional sentences are used to report someone's statement or question that contains a conditional clause. In reported speech, the tense and pronouns may change depending on the context. Here are some examples of reported conditional sentences:

1. Direct speech: "If I win the lottery, I will buy a new car."
Reported speech: He said that if he won the lottery, he would buy a new car.

2. Direct speech: "What would you do if you found a lost wallet?"
Reported speech: She asked me what I would do if I found a lost wallet.

3. Direct speech: "If it rains tomorrow, we will stay indoors."
Reported speech: They mentioned that if it rained the next day, they would stay indoors.

4. Direct speech: "If you study hard, you will pass the exam."
Reported speech: The teacher told us that if we studied hard, we would pass the exam.

5. Direct speech: "What will you do if you miss the bus?"
Reported speech: He asked her what she would do if she missed the bus.

In reported conditional sentences, the verb tenses in the conditional clause usually change to past tense, and the modal verbs like "will" or "would" may also change accordingly. Additionally, the pronouns may change depending on the speaker and the reported speech context.

Question 31. How do you report reported speech in indirect speech?

To report reported speech in indirect speech, you need to make certain changes to the original statement. Here are the steps to follow:

1. Change the pronouns: If the original statement includes pronouns referring to the speaker or the listener, you need to change them to reflect the new context. For example, if the original statement says, "I said, 'I am tired,'" in indirect speech, it would become "He/she said that he/she was tired."

2. Change the verb tense: When reporting reported speech, you generally need to shift the verb tense back one step. For example, if the original statement says, "She said, 'I will go to the party,'" in indirect speech, it would become "She said that she would go to the party."

3. Change time and place references: If the original statement includes specific time or place references, you may need to adjust them to fit the new context. For example, if the original statement says, "He said, 'I am going to the store tomorrow,'" in indirect speech, it would become "He said that he was going to the store the next day."

4. Use reporting verbs: Introduce the reported speech with appropriate reporting verbs such as "said," "told," "asked," etc. For example, if the original statement says, "She said, 'I love this book,'" in indirect speech, it would become "She said that she loved that book."

5. Use reporting clauses: Use reporting clauses like "that," "if," or "whether" to connect the reporting verb with the reported speech. For example, if the original statement says, "He said, 'I am happy,'" in indirect speech, it would become "He said that he was happy."

Remember to make any necessary changes to pronouns, verb tenses, time/place references, and use appropriate reporting verbs and clauses to accurately report reported speech in indirect speech.

Question 32. Explain the concept of reported speech within reported speech.

Reported speech within reported speech refers to the situation where a speaker reports someone else's words or statements, which themselves include reported speech. In other words, it is when a person reports what someone else said, and that original statement also includes reported speech.

To understand this concept, let's consider an example:

Original statement: "John said, 'I heard Mary say, "I will meet you at the park tomorrow."'"

In this example, John is reporting what he heard Mary say. However, Mary's statement also includes reported speech as she is reporting someone else's words. So, within John's reported speech, there is another layer of reported speech from Mary.

To report this statement, we need to make changes to indicate the reported speech within reported speech. The reported speech within the original statement becomes the reported speech within the reporting clause.

Reported statement: John said that he had heard Mary say that she would meet him at the park the next day.

In the reported statement, we changed the verb tense ("heard" to "had heard") to reflect that the reported speech is in the past. We also changed the pronouns ("you" to "him" and "I" to "she") to match the perspective of the reporting clause.

In summary, reported speech within reported speech occurs when a speaker reports someone else's words or statements, which themselves include reported speech. It requires making appropriate changes to verb tenses, pronouns, and other elements to accurately convey the original statement.

Question 33. What are the changes in pronouns and tenses when reporting reported speech in indirect speech?

When reporting reported speech in indirect speech, there are several changes in pronouns and tenses.

1. Pronoun changes: The pronouns used in the reported speech are usually changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker in the indirect speech. For example, if the original speaker said, "I am going to the store," in reported speech, it would be reported as "He/she said that he/she was going to the store."

2. Tense changes: The tense of the reported speech is often shifted back in time. For example, if the original speaker said, "I will go to the party," in reported speech, it would be reported as "He/she said that he/she would go to the party." The present tense is changed to the past tense, and the future tense is changed to the conditional tense.

3. Other tense changes: If the reported speech includes a present simple tense, it is often changed to the past simple tense in indirect speech. Similarly, the present continuous tense is changed to the past continuous tense, the present perfect tense is changed to the past perfect tense, and so on.

It is important to note that these changes may vary depending on the context and the specific reporting verb used.

Question 34. How do you report questions within reported speech in indirect speech?

When reporting questions within reported speech in indirect speech, there are a few key changes that need to be made. First, the question word order is changed to a statement word order. For example, "Where are you going?" becomes "She asked where I was going." Second, the question mark is removed and replaced with a period. Third, the verb tense may need to be changed depending on the context and the time of the original question. For example, if the original question was in the present simple tense, it would be changed to the past simple tense in reported speech. Lastly, if the reported speech includes a question tag, it is also changed to a statement. For example, "You don't like ice cream, do you?" becomes "He asked if I didn't like ice cream." Overall, when reporting questions within reported speech in indirect speech, the focus is on transforming the question into a statement while maintaining the meaning and context of the original question.

Question 35. What are the rules for reporting yes/no questions within reported speech in indirect speech?

The rules for reporting yes/no questions within reported speech in indirect speech are as follows:

1. Change the question into a statement: The yes/no question is transformed into a declarative sentence.

Example: "Did you finish your homework?" becomes "She asked if I had finished my homework."

2. Use the reporting verb "ask" or "wonder": These verbs are commonly used to introduce reported speech.

Example: "Did you go to the party?" becomes "He asked if I had gone to the party."

3. Use the appropriate reporting clause: The reporting clause should indicate that the original question was a yes/no question.

Example: "Did you eat lunch?" becomes "She wondered whether I had eaten lunch."

4. Change the tense and pronouns if necessary: The tense and pronouns in the reported speech may need to be adjusted to match the time and perspective of the original question.

Example: "Did he call you?" becomes "I asked if he had called me."

Overall, when reporting yes/no questions in indirect speech, the question is transformed into a statement, the reporting verb is used, the appropriate reporting clause is added, and any necessary changes in tense and pronouns are made.

Question 36. What are the rules for reporting wh-questions within reported speech in indirect speech?

The rules for reporting wh-questions within reported speech in indirect speech are as follows:

1. Change the question word: The question word (e.g., who, what, where, when, why, how) is usually changed to the corresponding conjunction (e.g., if, whether) or omitted altogether.

2. Change the verb tense: The verb tense in the reported speech is usually shifted back one tense (e.g., present simple becomes past simple, past simple becomes past perfect).

3. Change the pronouns and possessive adjectives: Pronouns and possessive adjectives are usually changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker in the reported speech.

4. Change the word order: The word order in the reported speech is usually changed to a subject-verb-object order.

5. Use reporting verbs or phrases: Use appropriate reporting verbs or phrases such as ask, inquire, wonder, or want to know to introduce the reported speech.

It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and tense being used in the reported speech.

Question 37. Explain the changes in question words when reporting wh-questions within reported speech in indirect speech.

When reporting wh-questions within reported speech in indirect speech, there are certain changes that occur to the question words. Here are the changes that take place:

1. "What" changes to "what" or "the thing that":
- Example: "What is your favorite color?" becomes "He asked me what my favorite color was."

2. "Where" changes to "where" or "the place where":
- Example: "Where is the nearest supermarket?" becomes "She asked me where the nearest supermarket was."

3. "When" changes to "when" or "the time when":
- Example: "When is the meeting scheduled?" becomes "They asked me when the meeting was scheduled."

4. "Why" changes to "why" or "the reason why":
- Example: "Why did you quit your job?" becomes "He asked me why I had quit my job."

5. "Who" changes to "who" or "the person who":
- Example: "Who is coming to the party?" becomes "She asked me who was coming to the party."

6. "Whose" changes to "whose" or "the person's whose":
- Example: "Whose car is parked outside?" becomes "They asked me whose car was parked outside."

7. "Which" changes to "which" or "the one which":
- Example: "Which book did you choose?" becomes "He asked me which book I had chosen."

8. "How" changes to "how" or "the way in which":
- Example: "How did you solve the problem?" becomes "She asked me how I had solved the problem."

It is important to note that these changes occur when reporting wh-questions in indirect speech, where the reported speech is being paraphrased or reported by someone else.

Question 38. What are the rules for reporting imperative sentences within reported speech in indirect speech?

The rules for reporting imperative sentences within reported speech in indirect speech are as follows:

1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb should be changed to a suitable verb that indicates a command or request, such as "ask," "tell," "order," or "request."

2. Change the pronouns: If the subject of the imperative sentence is the same as the subject of the reporting verb, no changes are needed. However, if the subjects are different, the pronouns should be changed accordingly.

3. Use the infinitive form: The imperative verb should be changed to the infinitive form, without the use of "to." For example, "Do your homework" becomes "He told me to do my homework."

4. Add a reporting clause: A reporting clause should be added to introduce the reported speech, such as "He said," "She told me," or "They ordered."

5. Use appropriate reporting words: Depending on the context, reporting words like "asked," "ordered," "requested," or "told" can be used to accurately convey the tone and intention of the original imperative sentence.

Overall, the rules for reporting imperative sentences in indirect speech involve changing the reporting verb, pronouns, verb form, and adding a reporting clause to accurately convey the command or request in a reported manner.

Question 39. Provide examples of reported imperatives within reported speech.

Reported imperatives are used to report commands, requests, or instructions given by someone else. In reported speech, imperatives are usually changed into infinitives or gerunds. Here are some examples of reported imperatives:

1. Direct speech: "Clean your room!"
Reported speech: She told me to clean my room.

2. Direct speech: "Don't touch that!"
Reported speech: He warned me not to touch that.

3. Direct speech: "Please be quiet!"
Reported speech: They asked us to please be quiet.

4. Direct speech: "Open the window, please."
Reported speech: She requested me to open the window.

5. Direct speech: "Don't forget to call me."
Reported speech: He reminded me not to forget to call him.

In reported speech, the reporting verb (e.g., told, asked, warned) is used to introduce the reported imperative, followed by the appropriate reporting clause. The verb form of the reported imperative is then changed according to the rules of reported speech.

Question 40. How do you report requests, orders, and advice within reported speech in indirect speech?

When reporting requests, orders, and advice within reported speech in indirect speech, there are certain changes that need to be made.

1. Requests:
In indirect speech, requests are usually reported using verbs such as 'ask', 'request', or 'beg'. The reporting verb is followed by the person being addressed and the infinitive form of the verb. For example:
Direct speech: "Could you please pass me the book?"
Indirect speech: She asked me to pass her the book.

2. Orders:
Orders are reported using verbs like 'tell', 'order', or 'command'. The reporting verb is followed by the person being addressed and the infinitive form of the verb. For example:
Direct speech: "Clean your room!"
Indirect speech: He ordered me to clean my room.

3. Advice:
Advice is reported using verbs like 'advise' or 'suggest'. The reporting verb is followed by the person being addressed and the infinitive form of the verb. For example:
Direct speech: "You should study harder."
Indirect speech: She advised me to study harder.

It is important to note that when reporting requests, orders, and advice, the reporting verb and the verb in the reported speech may undergo tense changes depending on the context and the time of the original statement.

Question 41. Explain the changes in modals when reporting reported speech within reported speech in indirect speech.

When reporting reported speech within reported speech in indirect speech, the modals undergo certain changes.

1. If the reported speech contains a modal verb, such as "can," "could," "may," "might," "shall," "should," "will," "would," "must," "ought to," or "need," the modal verb is usually changed according to the following rules:
- "Can" changes to "could."
- "May" changes to "might."
- "Shall" changes to "should."
- "Will" changes to "would."
- "Must" changes to "had to" or "was/were to."
- "Ought to" changes to "ought to" or "had to."
- "Need" changes to "needed to" or "had to."

2. If the reported speech contains a modal verb in the past tense, such as "could," "might," "should," "would," or "had to," the modal verb remains unchanged.

3. If the reported speech contains a modal verb in the present or future tense, such as "can," "may," "shall," "will," "must," or "ought to," the modal verb is usually changed according to the rules mentioned in point 1.

It is important to note that these changes in modals are not always mandatory and can vary depending on the context and the speaker's intention.

Question 42. What are the rules for reporting statements within reported speech in indirect speech?

The rules for reporting statements within reported speech in indirect speech are as follows:

1. Change the tense: The tense of the reported statement is usually shifted back in time. For example, if the original statement was in the present tense, it is changed to the past tense in reported speech.

2. Change the pronouns: Pronouns in the reported statement are often changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker in reported speech. For example, "I" becomes "he/she" or "we" becomes "they".

3. Change time and place references: Time and place references in the reported statement may need to be adjusted to match the context of the reported speech. For example, "today" may become "that day" or "here" may become "there".

4. Use reporting verbs: Reporting verbs such as "said", "told", "asked", etc., are used to introduce the reported speech. These verbs are often followed by a reporting clause, which includes the reported statement.

5. Use reporting clauses: Reporting clauses are used to introduce the reported statement and provide information about who said it. For example, "He said that..." or "She told me that...".

6. Use appropriate punctuation: Quotation marks are not used in reported speech. Instead, reported speech is usually enclosed in indirect speech punctuation, such as commas or no punctuation at all.

It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and the tense of the reported statement.

Question 43. Provide examples of reported statements within reported speech.

Sure! Here are some examples of reported statements within reported speech:

1. Direct speech: "I am going to the party," said John.
Reported speech: John said that he was going to the party.

2. Direct speech: "She loves to read books," said Mary.
Reported speech: Mary mentioned that she loves to read books.

3. Direct speech: "We have completed the project," said the team leader.
Reported speech: The team leader reported that they had completed the project.

4. Direct speech: "I will call you later," said Sarah.
Reported speech: Sarah promised that she would call later.

5. Direct speech: "They are coming to visit us next week," said my parents.
Reported speech: My parents informed me that they were coming to visit us the following week.

In reported speech, we usually change the tense, pronouns, and adverbs to match the context of the reporting verb and the time of the reported statement.

Question 44. How do you report exclamations within reported speech in indirect speech?

When reporting exclamations within reported speech in indirect speech, we usually use the reporting verb "exclaimed" or "said" followed by the conjunction "that." The exclamation mark is replaced with a full stop. The word order and tense may also change depending on the context. For example:

Direct speech: "What a beautiful sunset!" she exclaimed.
Indirect speech: She exclaimed that it was a beautiful sunset.

Direct speech: "I can't believe we won the game!" he said.
Indirect speech: He said that he couldn't believe they had won the game.

It is important to note that the intensity of the exclamation may be lost in indirect speech, as it is reported in a more neutral tone.

Question 45. Explain the changes in adverbs of time and place when reporting reported speech within reported speech in indirect speech.

When reporting reported speech within reported speech in indirect speech, the adverbs of time and place undergo certain changes.

In the reported speech, if the original speaker used adverbs of time or place, these adverbs are usually retained as they are when reporting the speech indirectly. However, if the reported speech is further embedded within another reported speech, the adverbs of time and place may undergo additional changes.

When reporting the reported speech within reported speech, the adverbs of time and place are usually shifted further back in time or place. This means that the adverbs are moved to a more distant past or a more remote place.

For example, if the original speaker said, "I will meet her tomorrow at the park," and this speech is reported indirectly as "He said that he would meet her tomorrow at the park," and then further reported indirectly as "She said that he said he would meet her tomorrow at the park," the adverb "tomorrow" remains unchanged in the first reported speech. However, in the second reported speech, the adverb "tomorrow" is shifted further back in time and becomes "the next day" or "the following day."

Similarly, if the original speaker said, "I am here," and this speech is reported indirectly as "He said that he was here," and then further reported indirectly as "She said that he said he was here," the adverb "here" remains unchanged in the first reported speech. However, in the second reported speech, the adverb "here" is shifted to a more remote place and becomes "there."

In summary, when reporting reported speech within reported speech in indirect speech, the adverbs of time and place are usually retained as they are in the first reported speech. However, if the reported speech is further embedded within another reported speech, the adverbs of time and place are shifted further back in time or place.

Question 46. What are the rules for reporting expressions of time and place within reported speech in indirect speech?

The rules for reporting expressions of time and place within reported speech in indirect speech are as follows:

1. Time expressions: When reporting someone's statement or question, the time expressions usually change according to the tense of the reported speech. For example, if the original statement was "I will go to the party tomorrow," in reported speech it would be reported as "He/she said that he/she would go to the party the next day."

2. Place expressions: Similar to time expressions, place expressions also change when reporting someone's speech indirectly. The reported speech should reflect the change in perspective. For instance, if the original statement was "I am going to the park," in reported speech it would be reported as "He/she said that he/she was going to the park."

3. Adverbs of time and place: Adverbs of time and place also undergo changes when reporting speech indirectly. They are usually shifted back in time or place. For example, if the original statement was "I am here now," in reported speech it would be reported as "He/she said that he/she was there then."

4. Demonstrative pronouns: Demonstrative pronouns like "this" and "these" change to "that" and "those" respectively when reporting speech indirectly. For instance, if the original statement was "I like this book," in reported speech it would be reported as "He/she said that he/she liked that book."

It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the tense of the reported speech.

Question 47. Provide examples of reported expressions of time and place within reported speech.

Sure! Here are some examples of reported expressions of time and place within reported speech:

1. Direct speech: "I will meet you at the park tomorrow," she said.
Reported speech: She said that she would meet me at the park the next day.

2. Direct speech: "We went to the beach last summer," he said.
Reported speech: He said that they had gone to the beach the previous summer.

3. Direct speech: "I am going to the cinema tonight," she said.
Reported speech: She said that she was going to the cinema that night.

4. Direct speech: "We are having a party at my house next week," they said.
Reported speech: They said that they were having a party at their house the following week.

5. Direct speech: "I saw him at the library yesterday," she said.
Reported speech: She said that she had seen him at the library the day before.

In reported speech, the expressions of time and place are usually shifted to reflect the change in perspective from the original speaker to the reporting speaker.

Question 48. What is the role of tense backshifting when reporting reported speech in indirect speech?

The role of tense backshifting in reporting reported speech in indirect speech is to accurately reflect the time and perspective of the original speaker's words. When reporting someone's speech indirectly, the tense of the reported speech is typically shifted back to reflect the past tense. This is done to indicate that the reported speech is not happening in the present but rather occurred in the past. Tense backshifting helps maintain the chronological order of events and ensures that the reported speech is presented in a grammatically correct and coherent manner.

Question 49. Explain the concept of tense backshifting when reporting reported speech in indirect speech.

Tense backshifting is a concept used in indirect speech when reporting reported speech. It refers to the change in verb tenses that occurs when we report what someone else said. In indirect speech, the tense of the reported speech is shifted back in time.

The general rule for tense backshifting is as follows:

1. Present tense in reported speech becomes past tense in indirect speech:
- "I am tired." (direct speech)
→ He said he was tired. (indirect speech)

2. Past tense in reported speech becomes past perfect tense in indirect speech:
- "I went to the store." (direct speech)
→ She said she had gone to the store. (indirect speech)

3. Present continuous tense in reported speech becomes past continuous tense in indirect speech:
- "I am studying." (direct speech)
→ They said they were studying. (indirect speech)

4. Present perfect tense in reported speech becomes past perfect tense in indirect speech:
- "I have finished my work." (direct speech)
→ He said he had finished his work. (indirect speech)

5. Future tense in reported speech becomes conditional tense in indirect speech:
- "I will call you tomorrow." (direct speech)
→ She said she would call me the next day. (indirect speech)

It is important to note that these are general guidelines, and there may be exceptions depending on the context and the specific verb tense used in the reported speech. Additionally, pronouns and adverbs of time may also need to be adjusted accordingly.

Tense backshifting helps maintain the chronological order of events and ensures that the reported speech aligns with the time frame of the reporting speech.

Question 50. What are the exceptions to tense backshifting when reporting reported speech in indirect speech?

The exceptions to tense backshifting when reporting reported speech in indirect speech are as follows:

1. Present simple tense: If the reported speech is in the present simple tense and the information is still true or relevant at the time of reporting, there is no need to backshift the tense. For example:
- Direct speech: "I live in London."
- Indirect speech: She said that she lives in London.

2. Present perfect tense: If the reported speech is in the present perfect tense and the action or event is still connected to the present, there is no need to backshift the tense. For example:
- Direct speech: "I have seen that movie before."
- Indirect speech: He said that he has seen that movie before.

3. Future tense: If the reported speech is in the future tense and the action or event is still expected to happen in the future, there is no need to backshift the tense. For example:
- Direct speech: "I will meet you tomorrow."
- Indirect speech: She said that she will meet me tomorrow.

It is important to note that these exceptions only apply when the reported speech is still true, relevant, or connected to the present or future at the time of reporting.

Question 51. How do you report statements with present tenses when reporting reported speech in indirect speech?

When reporting statements with present tenses in indirect speech, we need to make certain changes to the verb tense and pronouns. Here are the steps to report statements with present tenses:

1. Change the tense of the reporting verb: The reporting verb should be changed to a past tense. For example, if the original statement is "I am happy," the reporting verb "am" should be changed to "was."

2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in the reported speech should be changed to reflect the perspective of the reported speaker. For example, if the original statement is "She is tired," the pronoun "she" should be changed to "he" or "they" depending on the context.

3. Change the tense of the verb in reported speech: The verb in the reported speech should be changed to reflect the tense of the original statement. For example, if the original statement is "They play football," the verb "play" should be changed to "played" to match the past tense of the reporting verb.

Overall, when reporting statements with present tenses in indirect speech, we need to change the tense of the reporting verb, adjust the pronouns, and modify the verb tense in the reported speech to accurately convey the original statement.

Question 52. How do you report statements with past tenses when reporting reported speech in indirect speech?

When reporting reported speech in indirect speech, statements with past tenses are reported by changing the tense of the verb in the reported speech according to the rules of sequence of tenses.

If the reported speech is in the past simple tense, it is usually changed to the past perfect tense in indirect speech. For example, if the original statement was "I saw him yesterday," it would be reported as "He said that he had seen him the day before."

Similarly, if the reported speech is in the past continuous tense, it is changed to the past perfect continuous tense in indirect speech. For instance, if the original statement was "She was studying all night," it would be reported as "He said that she had been studying all night."

In cases where the reported speech is in the past perfect tense, it remains unchanged in indirect speech. For example, if the original statement was "They had already left," it would be reported as "He said that they had already left."

It is important to note that when reporting statements with past tenses in indirect speech, the reporting verb is also usually changed to a past tense, such as "said" or "told." Additionally, other changes may be required, such as pronoun changes and changes in time and place expressions, to maintain the accuracy and coherence of the reported speech.

Question 53. How do you report statements with future tenses when reporting reported speech in indirect speech?

When reporting statements with future tenses in indirect speech, we generally make the following changes:

1. The future tense in the reported speech is changed to the corresponding past tense.
For example:

- Direct speech: She said, "I will visit my parents next week."
- Indirect speech: She said that she would visit her parents the following week.

2. Words indicating future time are also changed to past time.
For example:

- Direct speech: He said, "I am going to start a new job next month."
- Indirect speech: He said that he was going to start a new job the following month.

3. Modal verbs indicating future actions are also changed to their past forms.
For example:

- Direct speech: They said, "We can meet you tomorrow."
- Indirect speech: They said that they could meet us the next day.

It is important to note that when reporting future statements in indirect speech, the reported speech is usually shifted back in time.

Question 54. What are the rules for reporting conditional sentences when reporting reported speech in indirect speech?

When reporting conditional sentences in indirect speech, there are several rules to follow.

1. If the reported statement is in the present simple tense, the conditional sentence remains unchanged in the reported speech. For example, "He said, 'If it rains, I will stay at home.'" becomes "He said that if it rained, he would stay at home."

2. If the reported statement is in the past simple tense, the conditional sentence undergoes a tense shift. The present simple tense in the conditional sentence changes to the past simple tense, and the future tense changes to the conditional tense. For example, "She said, 'If I won the lottery, I would buy a new car.'" becomes "She said that if she had won the lottery, she would have bought a new car."

3. If the reported statement is in the present continuous tense, the conditional sentence also undergoes a tense shift. The present continuous tense changes to the past continuous tense, and the future continuous tense changes to the conditional continuous tense. For example, "They said, 'If we are studying, we will not go to the party.'" becomes "They said that if they were studying, they would not go to the party."

4. If the reported statement is in the present perfect tense, the conditional sentence changes to the past perfect tense. For example, "He said, 'If she has finished her work, she will go home.'" becomes "He said that if she had finished her work, she would go home."

5. If the reported statement is in the past perfect tense, the conditional sentence also changes to the past perfect tense. For example, "She said, 'If he had called me, I would have answered.'" becomes "She said that if he had called her, she would have answered."

These are the general rules for reporting conditional sentences when using reported speech in indirect speech. It is important to pay attention to the tense changes and make the necessary adjustments to accurately convey the original meaning.

Question 55. Provide examples of reported conditional sentences when reporting reported speech.

When reporting conditional sentences in reported speech, the verb tenses and pronouns may change depending on the context. Here are some examples:

1. Direct speech: "If I win the lottery, I will buy a new car."
Reported speech: He said that if he won the lottery, he would buy a new car.

2. Direct speech: "If you study hard, you will pass the exam."
Reported speech: She told me that if I studied hard, I would pass the exam.

3. Direct speech: "If they arrive late, we will start without them."
Reported speech: They mentioned that if they arrived late, we would start without them.

4. Direct speech: "If he doesn't call me, I will be disappointed."
Reported speech: She mentioned that if he didn't call her, she would be disappointed.

5. Direct speech: "If we don't leave now, we will miss the train."
Reported speech: He warned us that if we didn't leave then, we would miss the train.

In reported speech, the verb tenses in the conditional sentences usually shift one step back. For example, present simple changes to past simple, and future simple changes to conditional. Additionally, the pronouns may change to reflect the speaker's perspective in the reported speech.

Question 56. What are the rules for punctuating reported speech?

The rules for punctuating reported speech are as follows:

1. Quotation marks: The reported speech should be enclosed within quotation marks. For example, She said, "I am going to the store."

2. Punctuation within the reported speech: Any punctuation marks that were used in the original speech should be retained within the quotation marks. For example, He exclaimed, "What a beautiful day!"

3. Punctuation outside the reported speech: The punctuation that follows the reported speech should be placed outside the quotation marks. For example, She asked, "Can you help me?"

4. Reporting verbs: Reporting verbs such as said, asked, replied, etc., are used to introduce the reported speech. These verbs are usually followed by a comma. For example, He replied, "I don't know."

5. Indirect speech: If the reported speech is transformed into indirect speech, the punctuation may change. For example, She said that she was going to the store.

It is important to note that the specific punctuation rules may vary depending on the style guide or language conventions being followed.

Question 57. Explain the different punctuation rules for reported speech.

In reported speech, also known as indirect speech, we convey someone else's words or thoughts without quoting them directly. When it comes to punctuation, there are several rules to follow:

1. Reporting verb: Begin the reported speech with a reporting verb such as "said," "told," "asked," etc. This verb is usually followed by a comma.

Example: She said, "I am going to the store."

2. Reporting clause: If the reporting verb is in the present tense, the reporting clause does not require any changes. However, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, the reporting clause needs to be shifted to the past tense.

Example: He said, "I will come tomorrow." (present tense reporting verb)
He said that he would come tomorrow. (past tense reporting verb)

3. Quotation marks: In reported speech, we do not use quotation marks to enclose the reported words. Instead, we use indirect speech markers like "that" or no marker at all.

Example: She said, "I love this song."
She said that she loved that song.
or
She said she loved that song.

4. Pronoun changes: Pronouns in the reported speech may need to be changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker in the reported clause.

Example: He said, "I am happy."
He said that he was happy.

5. Time and place changes: If the reported speech includes references to time or place, these may need to be adjusted to reflect the time and place of the reporting clause.

Example: She said, "I will meet you here tomorrow."
She said that she would meet me there the next day.

Overall, the punctuation rules for reported speech involve using a reporting verb followed by a comma, omitting quotation marks, adjusting pronouns, and making necessary changes to time and place references.

Question 58. What are the rules for using quotation marks in reported speech?

The rules for using quotation marks in reported speech are as follows:

1. When directly quoting someone's words, use double quotation marks (" ").
Example:
She said, "I will be there at 5 o'clock."

2. When reporting someone's words without using their exact words, do not use quotation marks.
Example:
She said she would be there at 5 o'clock.

3. If the reported speech contains a quote within it, use single quotation marks (' ') for the inner quote.
Example:
He said, "She told me, 'I can't make it tonight.'"

4. If the reported speech is a question or exclamation, use the appropriate punctuation within the quotation marks.
Example:
She asked, "Are you coming?"

5. If the reported speech is a statement, use a comma before the quotation marks.
Example:
He said, "I am going to the store."

6. If the reported speech is divided into multiple paragraphs, start each paragraph with an opening quotation mark and end each paragraph with a closing quotation mark.
Example:

She said, "I had a great time at the party. The food was delicious and the music was fantastic. I can't wait for the next one!"

Remember to follow these rules to accurately convey reported speech using quotation marks.

Question 59. Provide examples of using quotation marks in reported speech.

Sure! Here are some examples of using quotation marks in reported speech:

1. Direct speech: "I love ice cream," said Sarah.
Reported speech: Sarah said that she loved ice cream.

2. Direct speech: "I will be there at 5 o'clock," he promised.
Reported speech: He promised that he would be there at 5 o'clock.

3. Direct speech: "I can't believe it," exclaimed Jane.
Reported speech: Jane exclaimed that she couldn't believe it.

4. Direct speech: "I have finished my homework," announced Tom.
Reported speech: Tom announced that he had finished his homework.

5. Direct speech: "I want to go to the park," said Emily.
Reported speech: Emily said that she wanted to go to the park.

In reported speech, quotation marks are used to indicate the exact words spoken by someone. The reported speech is usually introduced by a reporting verb (e.g., said, told, asked) and the tense and pronouns may change depending on the context.

Question 60. How do you punctuate reported speech within reported speech?

When punctuating reported speech within reported speech, you use single quotation marks (' ') to enclose the inner reported speech, and double quotation marks (" ") to enclose the outer reported speech. This helps to differentiate between the two levels of reported speech and maintain clarity in the sentence.

Question 61. Explain the different punctuation rules for reported speech within reported speech.

When reporting speech within reported speech, there are specific punctuation rules to follow. These rules help to accurately convey the original speaker's words and maintain clarity in the reported speech.

1. Quotation marks: When reporting direct speech within reported speech, use double quotation marks (" ") to enclose the original speaker's words. For example: She said, "I saw him yesterday."

2. Punctuation inside quotation marks: If the reported speech within reported speech is a complete sentence, the punctuation should be placed inside the quotation marks. For example: She told me, "He said, 'I will be there tomorrow.'"

3. Punctuation outside quotation marks: If the reported speech within reported speech is not a complete sentence, the punctuation should be placed outside the quotation marks. For example: She mentioned that he had said, "I'm not sure if I can make it."

4. Reporting verbs: When introducing the reported speech within reported speech, appropriate reporting verbs such as "said," "told," "asked," etc., should be used to indicate the act of reporting. For example: He admitted, "I made a mistake."

5. Changes in pronouns and tenses: When reporting speech within reported speech, pronouns and tenses may need to be changed to reflect the shift from direct to indirect speech. For example: She said, "I am going to the party" becomes She said that she was going to the party.

By following these punctuation rules, we can accurately report speech within reported speech and maintain the integrity of the original speaker's words.

Question 62. What are the rules for using quotation marks when reporting reported speech within reported speech?

When reporting reported speech within reported speech, there are a few rules to follow regarding the use of quotation marks.

1. The outermost layer of reported speech should be enclosed in double quotation marks (" ").
2. If there is a second layer of reported speech within the outermost layer, it should be enclosed in single quotation marks (' ').
3. If there is a third layer of reported speech within the second layer, it should be enclosed in double quotation marks again.
4. This pattern of alternating between double and single quotation marks continues for subsequent layers of reported speech.

For example, let's consider a sentence with three layers of reported speech:


Original statement: "I saw John yesterday," said Mary.
First layer of reported speech: Mary said that she had seen John yesterday.
Second layer of reported speech: Mary said, 'I saw John yesterday.'
Third layer of reported speech: Mary said that she had said, "I saw John yesterday."

By following these rules, we can accurately convey reported speech within reported speech using appropriate quotation marks.

Question 63. Provide examples of using quotation marks when reporting reported speech within reported speech.

When reporting reported speech within reported speech, quotation marks are used to indicate the direct speech. Here are some examples:

1. Original direct speech: "I saw him yesterday," she said.
Reported speech: She said that she had seen him yesterday.
Reported speech within reported speech: She told me, "She said that she had seen him yesterday."

2. Original direct speech: "I will be there on time," he promised.
Reported speech: He promised that he would be there on time.
Reported speech within reported speech: He assured us, "He promised that he would be there on time."

3. Original direct speech: "I love this song," she exclaimed.
Reported speech: She exclaimed that she loved that song.
Reported speech within reported speech: She mentioned, "She exclaimed that she loved that song."

In each example, the quotation marks are used to enclose the exact words spoken by the original speaker, even when reporting what someone else said.

Question 64. What are the rules for using reported speech in writing?

The rules for using reported speech in writing are as follows:

1. Change of pronouns: The pronouns used in the reported speech are usually changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker. For example, "He said, 'I am happy'" would be reported as "He said that he was happy."

2. Change of verb tense: The verb tense used in the reported speech is often shifted back in time. For example, "She said, 'I will go to the party'" would be reported as "She said that she would go to the party."

3. Change of time and place expressions: Time and place expressions in the reported speech may need to be adjusted to reflect the new context. For example, "They said, 'We are going to the beach tomorrow'" would be reported as "They said that they were going to the beach the next day."

4. Use of reporting verbs: Reporting verbs such as "said," "told," "asked," etc., are used to introduce the reported speech. These verbs can be modified to indicate the speaker's attitude or the manner in which the speech was delivered. For example, "He exclaimed, 'What a beautiful day!'" would be reported as "He exclaimed with delight that it was a beautiful day."

5. Use of reporting clauses: Reporting clauses, such as "that," "if," or "whether," are used to connect the reporting verb with the reported speech. For example, "She asked, 'Can you help me?'" would be reported as "She asked if I could help her."

6. Punctuation changes: In reported speech, quotation marks are usually omitted, and indirect speech is often separated from the reporting verb with a comma. For example, "He said, 'I love you'" would be reported as "He said that he loved her."

It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and style of writing.

Question 65. Explain the guidelines for using reported speech effectively in writing.

When using reported speech effectively in writing, there are several guidelines to keep in mind.

1. Use appropriate reporting verbs: Choose reporting verbs such as "said," "told," "asked," or "explained" to accurately convey the speaker's words. This helps to maintain clarity and avoid misinterpretation.

2. Maintain accuracy: Ensure that the reported speech accurately reflects the original speaker's words. Use direct quotations when necessary, and be careful not to alter the meaning or intent of the original statement.

3. Change verb tenses and pronouns: When reporting speech, it is important to shift the verb tenses and pronouns to match the new context. For example, if the original statement was in the present tense, it should be changed to the past tense when reporting it.

4. Use reporting clauses: Introduce reported speech with appropriate reporting clauses such as "he/she said," "according to," or "as reported by." This helps to clearly indicate that the following statement is not the writer's own words but rather a report of someone else's speech.

5. Punctuate correctly: Use quotation marks to enclose direct speech, and separate the reported speech from the reporting clause with a comma or a colon. Additionally, capitalize the first word of the reported speech if it is a complete sentence.

6. Maintain consistency: When reporting a conversation or multiple statements, ensure consistency in the use of reporting verbs, tenses, and pronouns. This helps to avoid confusion and maintain coherence in the writing.

By following these guidelines, writers can effectively incorporate reported speech into their writing, accurately conveying the words and ideas of others while maintaining clarity and coherence.

Question 66. What are the common mistakes to avoid when using reported speech?

When using reported speech, there are several common mistakes that should be avoided. These include:

1. Incorrect verb tense: One common mistake is using the wrong verb tense when reporting someone's words. It is important to accurately reflect the original speaker's tense. For example, if the original speaker said, "I am going to the store," the reported speech should be "He said he was going to the store," not "He said he is going to the store."

2. Incorrect pronoun usage: Another mistake is using the wrong pronoun when reporting someone's words. It is important to change the pronouns to reflect the perspective of the reported speech. For example, if the original speaker said, "I love this book," the reported speech should be "She said she loved that book," not "She said she loves this book."

3. Failure to change time and place references: When reporting someone's words, it is important to change any time and place references to reflect the current context. For example, if the original speaker said, "I will meet you tomorrow at 5 pm," the reported speech should be "He said he would meet me the next day at 5 pm," not "He said he will meet me tomorrow at 5 pm."

4. Incorrect reporting verbs: Using the wrong reporting verb can also lead to mistakes. It is important to choose the appropriate reporting verb that accurately conveys the original speaker's intention. For example, if the original speaker said, "I apologize for the mistake," the reported speech should be "He said he apologized for the mistake," not "He said he was sorry for the mistake."

5. Failure to use reporting words: Lastly, a common mistake is failing to use reporting words such as "said," "told," or "asked" to introduce the reported speech. These words are necessary to indicate that the words being reported are not the speaker's own words. For example, instead of saying "She loves ice cream," it should be "She said she loves ice cream."

By avoiding these common mistakes, one can ensure accurate and effective use of reported speech.

Question 67. Provide examples of common mistakes made when using reported speech.

When using reported speech, there are several common mistakes that people often make. Here are some examples:

1. Incorrect verb tense: One common mistake is using the wrong verb tense when reporting someone's words. For example, saying "He said he will come tomorrow" instead of "He said he would come tomorrow." The verb tense in reported speech should typically be shifted back one tense.

2. Incorrect pronoun usage: Another mistake is using the wrong pronoun when reporting someone's words. For instance, saying "She said that he is coming" instead of "She said that he was coming." The pronouns should be changed to reflect the perspective of the original speaker.

3. Omission of reporting verbs: Sometimes, people forget to include the appropriate reporting verb when relaying someone's words. For example, saying "He said he was tired" instead of "He told me he was tired." It is important to include the appropriate reporting verb to indicate who is speaking.

4. Failure to change time and place references: Another mistake is not adjusting time and place references when reporting someone's words. For instance, saying "She said, 'I am going to the store now'" instead of "She said she was going to the store then." Time and place references should be changed to match the time and place of the reported speech.

5. Incorrect punctuation: Sometimes, people make mistakes with punctuation when using reported speech. For example, saying "He said 'I am happy'" instead of "He said, 'I am happy.'" It is important to use the correct punctuation marks, such as quotation marks and commas, to indicate reported speech.

These are just a few examples of common mistakes made when using reported speech. It is important to be aware of these errors and practice using reported speech correctly to effectively convey someone's words.