Explore Long Answer Questions to deepen your understanding of reported speech.
Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is a way of reporting or paraphrasing someone's words or thoughts. It is used to convey what someone else has said or thought in a past conversation or situation. In reported speech, the speaker does not use the exact words spoken by the original speaker but instead reports the meaning or content of the original statement.
Reported speech is important in English grammar for several reasons. Firstly, it allows us to accurately convey what someone else has said or thought without using direct quotations. This is particularly useful when we want to summarize or report on a conversation or when we are retelling a story or recounting an event. By using reported speech, we can provide a concise and coherent account of what was said or thought.
Secondly, reported speech helps to maintain the appropriate tense and pronoun usage when reporting someone else's words. When we report speech, we often need to change the tense of the original statement to reflect the time of reporting. For example, if someone said, "I am going to the store," in reported speech, we would say, "He/she said that he/she was going to the store." This allows us to accurately convey the time frame of the original statement.
Furthermore, reported speech also requires changes in pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and verb forms. These changes are necessary to reflect the perspective of the reporting speaker and to ensure grammatical accuracy. By understanding and correctly using reported speech, we can effectively communicate the intended meaning and accurately represent the original speaker's words or thoughts.
In addition, reported speech is important for developing our language skills and understanding of English grammar. It allows us to practice and demonstrate our knowledge of verb tenses, pronoun usage, and other grammatical structures. By mastering reported speech, we can enhance our ability to express ourselves accurately and fluently in English.
Overall, reported speech is a crucial aspect of English grammar as it enables us to report what others have said or thought in a concise and accurate manner. It helps us maintain the appropriate tense and pronoun usage, develop our language skills, and effectively communicate the intended meaning.
Direct speech refers to the exact words spoken by someone, while indirect speech, also known as reported speech, is when we report what someone said without using their exact words. In reported speech, we usually change the tense, pronouns, and other words to fit the context of the reporting sentence.
When using direct speech, we enclose the speaker's words within quotation marks and use a reporting verb such as "said," "told," or "asked" to introduce the speech. For example, if someone says, "I am going to the store," in direct speech, we would write: She said, "I am going to the store."
On the other hand, indirect speech is used when we want to report what someone said without using their exact words. In indirect speech, we usually change the tense of the verb to reflect the time of reporting. For example, if someone says, "I am going to the store," in indirect speech, we would write: She said that she was going to the store.
In addition to changing the tense, we also make other changes when using indirect speech. Pronouns often change to reflect the perspective of the reporting sentence. For example, if the speaker says, "I am happy," in indirect speech, we would write: He said that he was happy.
Furthermore, other words such as time expressions, adverbs, and demonstratives may also need to be adjusted to fit the reporting sentence. For instance, if someone says, "I will come tomorrow," in indirect speech, we would write: She said that she would come the next day.
It is important to note that when using indirect speech, we do not use quotation marks. Instead, we use reporting verbs and appropriate changes to accurately convey the original speaker's words.
In summary, direct speech involves using the exact words spoken by someone, while indirect speech, or reported speech, involves reporting what someone said without using their exact words. Indirect speech requires changes in tense, pronouns, and other words to fit the context of the reporting sentence.
Direct speech and indirect speech are two different ways of reporting someone's words or statements. The key differences between direct speech and indirect speech are as follows:
1. Presentation of the speaker's words: In direct speech, the exact words spoken by the speaker are reported within quotation marks. For example, "I am going to the park," said John. In indirect speech, the speaker's words are reported indirectly without using quotation marks. For example, John said that he was going to the park.
2. Verb tense changes: In direct speech, the verb tenses used in the reported speech remain the same as the original speech. In indirect speech, however, the verb tenses are usually shifted back in time. For example, if the original speech was in the present tense, it would be changed to the past tense in indirect speech.
3. Pronoun changes: In direct speech, the pronouns used by the speaker are reported as they are. In indirect speech, the pronouns are often changed to reflect the perspective of the reporter. For example, "I love this book," said Mary would be reported as Mary said that she loved that book.
4. Reporting verbs: In direct speech, reporting verbs such as "say," "tell," or "ask" are used to introduce the speaker's words. In indirect speech, these reporting verbs are used to introduce the reported speech and are often followed by the conjunction "that." For example, "I will come tomorrow," said Tom would be reported as Tom said that he would come tomorrow.
5. Punctuation changes: In direct speech, quotation marks are used to enclose the speaker's words. In indirect speech, quotation marks are not used, and the reported speech is usually separated from the reporting verb by a comma. For example, "I have finished my work," said Sarah would be reported as Sarah said that she had finished her work.
Overall, the key differences between direct speech and indirect speech lie in the presentation of the speaker's words, verb tense changes, pronoun changes, reporting verbs, and punctuation. Indirect speech is commonly used in writing, reporting conversations, or summarizing someone's words, while direct speech is used to directly quote someone's exact words.
To change a sentence from direct speech to indirect speech, there are several key steps to follow.
1. Identify the reporting verb: Begin by identifying the verb that introduces the reported speech. Common reporting verbs include say, tell, ask, explain, etc.
2. Change the pronouns: In indirect speech, the pronouns usually change to reflect the perspective of the speaker. For example, if the direct speech includes "I," it would change to "he/she" or "they" in indirect speech. Similarly, "you" changes to "I" or "we," and "we" changes to "they" or "he/she."
3. Change the verb tense: The verb tense in the reported speech is often shifted back in time. For example, if the direct speech is in the present tense, it may change to the past tense in indirect speech. However, this is not always the case, as sometimes the tense remains the same.
4. Change time and place references: If the direct speech includes specific time or place references, these may need to be adjusted in indirect speech. For example, "today" may change to "that day" or "yesterday," and "here" may change to "there."
5. Change modal verbs and adverbs: Modal verbs and adverbs may also need to be adjusted in indirect speech. For example, "can" may change to "could," "will" may change to "would," and "now" may change to "then."
6. Use reporting clauses: Finally, introduce the reported speech with appropriate reporting clauses such as "he/she said," "they told me," "she explained," etc. These reporting clauses help to indicate that the information is being reported rather than directly spoken.
It is important to note that these steps may vary depending on the specific context and the tense of the original direct speech. Additionally, it is crucial to maintain the meaning and intention of the original statement while converting it to indirect speech.
In reported speech, there are various reporting verbs that are used to convey someone else's words or thoughts. These reporting verbs help to indicate the speaker's attitude, the level of certainty, and the type of speech being reported. Some common reporting verbs used in reported speech include:
1. Say: This is the most common reporting verb used to convey someone's words. It is used for general statements and can be used with both direct and indirect speech. For example, "She said, 'I am going to the store'" can be reported as "She said that she was going to the store."
2. Tell: This verb is used when the speaker is addressing someone directly. It is often followed by an indirect object pronoun. For example, "He told me, 'I will be late'" can be reported as "He told me that he would be late."
3. Ask: This verb is used when the speaker is requesting information or seeking clarification. It is often followed by a question word or if/whether. For example, "She asked, 'Can you help me?'" can be reported as "She asked if I could help her."
4. Explain: This verb is used when the speaker is providing an explanation or giving details. It is often followed by a clause or a direct object. For example, "He explained, 'The meeting has been rescheduled'" can be reported as "He explained that the meeting had been rescheduled."
5. Suggest: This verb is used when the speaker is making a suggestion or offering an idea. It is often followed by a verb in the base form or a gerund. For example, "They suggested, 'Let's go to the movies'" can be reported as "They suggested going to the movies."
6. Claim: This verb is used when the speaker is making a statement that may or may not be true. It is often followed by a clause or a direct object. For example, "He claimed, 'I have never been to Paris'" can be reported as "He claimed that he had never been to Paris."
7. Admit: This verb is used when the speaker is confessing or acknowledging something. It is often followed by a clause or a direct object. For example, "She admitted, 'I made a mistake'" can be reported as "She admitted that she had made a mistake."
8. Deny: This verb is used when the speaker is refusing or contradicting something. It is often followed by a clause or a direct object. For example, "He denied, 'I didn't steal the money'" can be reported as "He denied that he had stolen the money."
These are just a few examples of the reporting verbs used in reported speech. It is important to choose the appropriate reporting verb based on the context and the intended meaning of the reported speech.
When reporting someone's speech or thoughts, it is important to understand the rules for changing tenses in reported speech. The main rule is that the tense of the verb in the reported speech is usually shifted back in time. Here are the specific rules for changing tenses in reported speech:
1. Present Simple tense:
- If the reporting verb is in the present tense, there is no change in the tense of the reported speech.
Example: She says, "I like ice cream." -> She says that she likes ice cream.
2. Present Continuous tense:
- If the reporting verb is in the present tense, the present continuous tense in the reported speech changes to the past continuous tense.
Example: He says, "I am studying for the exam." -> He says that he was studying for the exam.
3. Present Perfect tense:
- If the reporting verb is in the present tense, the present perfect tense in the reported speech changes to the past perfect tense.
Example: They say, "We have visited Paris." -> They say that they had visited Paris.
4. Present Perfect Continuous tense:
- If the reporting verb is in the present tense, the present perfect continuous tense in the reported speech changes to the past perfect continuous tense.
Example: She says, "I have been working all day." -> She says that she had been working all day.
5. Past Simple tense:
- If the reporting verb is in the past tense, there is no change in the tense of the reported speech.
Example: He said, "I went to the park." -> He said that he went to the park.
6. Past Continuous tense:
- If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the past continuous tense in the reported speech changes to the past perfect continuous tense.
Example: They said, "We were playing football." -> They said that they had been playing football.
7. Past Perfect tense:
- If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the past perfect tense in the reported speech remains unchanged.
Example: She said, "I had already finished my work." -> She said that she had already finished her work.
8. Past Perfect Continuous tense:
- If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the past perfect continuous tense in the reported speech remains unchanged.
Example: He said, "I had been waiting for hours." -> He said that he had been waiting for hours.
9. Future Simple tense:
- If the reporting verb is in the present tense, the future simple tense in the reported speech changes to the conditional tense.
Example: She says, "I will call you tomorrow." -> She says that she would call me the next day.
10. Future Continuous tense:
- If the reporting verb is in the present tense, the future continuous tense in the reported speech changes to the conditional continuous tense.
Example: He says, "I will be studying all night." -> He says that he would be studying all night.
These are the general rules for changing tenses in reported speech. However, it is important to note that there may be exceptions or variations depending on the specific context and the verb used in the reported speech.
When changing pronouns in reported speech, there are a few rules to follow. The main objective is to accurately convey what someone else said while adjusting the pronouns to match the perspective of the reporting speaker. Here are the steps to change pronouns in reported speech:
1. Identify the original speaker and the reported speaker: Determine who originally said the statement and who is reporting it. This will help in understanding the perspective from which the pronouns need to be changed.
2. Change the pronouns to match the reported speaker's perspective: If the original speaker used the first person pronoun "I," it should be changed to the reported speaker's first person pronoun, such as "he" or "she." For example, if the original speaker said, "I am happy," the reported speaker would say, "He/she said he/she was happy."
3. Change the pronouns to match the reported speaker's perspective for the second person: If the original speaker used the second person pronoun "you," it should be changed to the reported speaker's second person pronoun, such as "he" or "she." For example, if the original speaker said, "You should go," the reported speaker would say, "He/she said he/she should go."
4. Change the pronouns to match the reported speaker's perspective for the third person: If the original speaker used the third person pronouns "he," "she," or "they," they usually remain the same in reported speech. However, if the reported speaker is referring to a different person, the pronouns should be adjusted accordingly. For example, if the original speaker said, "He is coming," and the reported speaker is referring to a different person, they would say, "He/she said he was coming."
5. Change possessive pronouns: Possessive pronouns like "my," "your," "his," "her," and "their" should also be adjusted to match the reported speaker's perspective. For example, if the original speaker said, "This is my book," the reported speaker would say, "He/she said that was his/her book."
It is important to note that when changing pronouns in reported speech, the tense of the verb may also need to be adjusted depending on the context and the time of the reported speech. Additionally, indirect objects and reflexive pronouns should also be changed accordingly. Overall, the key is to accurately convey the original speaker's words while adjusting the pronouns to match the perspective of the reported speaker.
The rules for changing time and place expressions in reported speech are as follows:
1. Time expressions:
- If the reported speech is still true at the time of reporting, we do not need to change the time expression.
- If the reported speech refers to a specific time in the past, we usually change the time expression to reflect the past.
- For example:
- Direct speech: "I will meet her tomorrow."
- Indirect speech: He said he would meet her the next day.
- Direct speech: "I saw him yesterday."
- Indirect speech: She said she had seen him the day before.
2. Place expressions:
- If the reported speech is still true at the time of reporting, we do not need to change the place expression.
- If the reported speech refers to a specific place, we usually change the place expression to reflect the new location.
- For example:
- Direct speech: "I am going to the park."
- Indirect speech: She said she was going to the park.
- Direct speech: "I was at the library."
- Indirect speech: He said he had been at the library.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the tense of the reported speech. Additionally, when reporting questions, the word order and verb tense may also change.
Backshift in reported speech refers to the change in verb tense that occurs when reporting someone's words or thoughts. When we report what someone else has said, we often need to change the verb tenses to reflect the time of the original statement.
In reported speech, the general rule is to shift the verb tense back one step. This means that if the original statement was in the present tense, we change it to the past tense in reported speech. Similarly, if the original statement was in the past tense, we change it to the past perfect tense in reported speech.
For example, let's consider the following direct speech:
Direct speech: "I am going to the party tonight."
Reported speech: She said that she was going to the party that night.
In this example, the verb "am" in the present tense is changed to "was" in the past tense, and "tonight" is changed to "that night" to reflect the shift in time.
Similarly, if the original statement was in the past tense, we use the past perfect tense in reported speech. For instance:
Direct speech: "I saw him yesterday."
Reported speech: She said that she had seen him the day before.
Here, the verb "saw" in the past tense is changed to "had seen" in the past perfect tense, and "yesterday" is changed to "the day before" to indicate the shift in time.
It is important to note that backshift is not always necessary in reported speech. If the reported statement is still true or relevant at the time of reporting, we can choose to keep the original verb tense. This is often the case when reporting general truths, facts, or habitual actions.
In conclusion, backshift in reported speech involves changing the verb tense to reflect the time of the original statement. By applying the rule of shifting the verb tense back one step, we can accurately report someone's words or thoughts in a grammatically correct manner.
The rules for changing modal verbs in reported speech are as follows:
1. When reporting statements or affirmative sentences, the modal verb is usually changed to the past tense. For example:
- Direct speech: "I can swim."
- Reported speech: He said he could swim.
2. When reporting negative sentences, the modal verb remains the same in the reported speech. For example:
- Direct speech: "I can't swim."
- Reported speech: He said he couldn't swim.
3. When reporting questions, the modal verb is usually changed to the past tense, and the word order is changed to a statement. For example:
- Direct speech: "Can you swim?"
- Reported speech: He asked if I could swim.
4. When reporting requests or commands, the modal verb is usually changed to the past tense, and the word order is changed to a statement. For example:
- Direct speech: "Could you help me?"
- Reported speech: He asked if I could help him.
5. When reporting offers or suggestions, the modal verb is usually changed to the past tense, and the word order is changed to a statement. For example:
- Direct speech: "Shall we go for a walk?"
- Reported speech: He suggested that we should go for a walk.
It is important to note that the reporting verb and the tense of the reporting verb may also affect the changes made to the modal verbs in reported speech.
When reporting questions in reported speech, there are a few key steps to follow.
Firstly, it is important to note that the reporting verb (the verb used to introduce the reported speech) is usually changed to a verb such as 'asked', 'inquired', 'wondered', or 'wanted to know'.
Secondly, the reporting verb is followed by the reporting clause, which includes the subject and the reporting verb in the past tense. For example, if the original question was "Where are you going?", the reporting clause could be "He asked me where I was going."
Thirdly, the question word (such as 'where', 'when', 'why', 'how', etc.) is usually changed or omitted in the reported speech. For example, if the original question was "What time is it?", the reported speech could be "She asked me the time."
Fourthly, if the original question is a yes/no question, the word 'if' or 'whether' is often used in the reported speech. For example, if the original question was "Did you see the movie?", the reported speech could be "He asked me if/whether I had seen the movie."
Fifthly, the tense of the reported speech is usually shifted back in time. For example, if the original question was in the present tense, the reported speech would be in the past tense. If the original question was in the past tense, the reported speech would be in the past perfect tense.
Lastly, if the reported speech is a direct question, it is important to use the appropriate question mark at the end of the reported speech.
Overall, when reporting questions in reported speech, it is crucial to change the reporting verb, adjust the tense, and potentially modify or omit the question word, while still maintaining the meaning and intention of the original question.
Reported commands and requests are a part of reported speech, which is used to convey someone else's words or statements. When we report commands and requests, we are essentially relaying what someone else has said in a more indirect manner.
In reported commands, we report an order or instruction given by someone else. When reporting a command, we usually use a reporting verb such as 'tell', 'order', 'command', or 'ask'. The structure of reported commands involves changing the tense and pronouns according to the reporting verb and the subject of the reported command. For example, if someone says, "Close the door," the reported command would be "He told me to close the door." Here, the verb 'close' changes to 'to close' and the pronoun 'you' changes to 'me'.
Reported requests, on the other hand, involve reporting a polite or direct appeal made by someone else. Similar to reported commands, we use reporting verbs like 'ask', 'request', 'beg', or 'plead' to report requests. The structure of reported requests also requires changes in tense and pronouns. For instance, if someone says, "Could you please pass me the salt?" the reported request would be "She asked me to pass her the salt." Here, the pronoun 'you' changes to 'me' and the word 'please' is omitted.
It is important to note that when reporting commands and requests, we often use the word 'to' before the verb in the reported speech. This is not necessary for reported questions or statements.
In summary, reported commands and requests involve relaying someone else's orders or appeals in a more indirect manner. The structure of reported commands and requests requires changes in tense, pronouns, and the use of reporting verbs. By using reported speech, we can accurately convey the original meaning and intention of the commands and requests made by others.
When reporting imperative sentences in reported speech, there are a few rules to keep in mind.
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb should be changed to a suitable verb that indicates a command or request. Common reporting verbs for imperative sentences include "ask," "tell," "order," "command," or "request."
2. Use the reporting verb in the appropriate tense: The tense of the reporting verb should be adjusted according to the original imperative sentence. For example, if the original sentence is in the present tense, the reporting verb should also be in the present tense.
3. Remove the imperative form: Imperative sentences usually begin with the base form of the verb, without any subject. In reported speech, the imperative form should be changed to an infinitive form with "to." For example, "Do your homework" would become "He told me to do my homework."
4. Change the pronouns and possessive adjectives: Pronouns and possessive adjectives should be adjusted to reflect the change in perspective. For example, "You" in the original imperative sentence would become "He" or "She" in reported speech.
5. Use reporting words or phrases: It is common to use reporting words or phrases such as "asked," "told," "ordered," "commanded," or "requested" to introduce the reported speech. These words or phrases help to indicate that the sentence is being reported.
Here is an example to illustrate these rules:
Original imperative sentence: "Clean your room."
Reported speech: He told me to clean my room.
In this example, the reporting verb "told" is used in the past tense to indicate that the command was given in the past. The imperative form "clean" is changed to the infinitive form "to clean." The pronoun "your" is changed to "my" to reflect the change in perspective. The reporting word "told" introduces the reported speech.
By following these rules, imperative sentences can be accurately reported in reported speech.
When reporting requests and suggestions in reported speech, there are a few key points to keep in mind.
Firstly, it is important to remember that the reporting verb used to introduce the reported speech will depend on the nature of the request or suggestion. Common reporting verbs for requests include 'ask', 'request', 'beg', 'plead', while for suggestions, verbs like 'suggest', 'propose', 'recommend' are commonly used.
Secondly, the tense of the reported speech will usually change according to the rules of backshifting. This means that if the original request or suggestion was made in the present tense, it will be backshifted to the past tense in reported speech. For example, "Can you help me?" would be reported as "She asked if I could help her."
Thirdly, it is important to note that the pronouns and possessive adjectives may also change in reported speech. For example, "Could you lend me your pen?" would be reported as "He asked if I could lend him my pen."
Additionally, when reporting requests and suggestions, it is common to use reporting clauses such as 'asked', 'requested', 'suggested', followed by 'if' or 'whether'. However, it is also possible to use 'to' + infinitive in reported speech. For example, "He said, 'Can you please close the door?'" can be reported as "He asked me to close the door."
Furthermore, it is important to pay attention to any modal verbs used in the original request or suggestion. These modal verbs may also need to be backshifted in reported speech. For example, "She said, 'Could you please pass me the salt?'" can be reported as "She asked if I could pass her the salt."
In summary, when reporting requests and suggestions in reported speech, one should consider the appropriate reporting verb, backshift the tense, adjust pronouns and possessive adjectives if necessary, use reporting clauses or 'to' + infinitive, and backshift any modal verbs used.
Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is a way of reporting or paraphrasing what someone else has said. When it comes to reported offers, invitations, and promises, the concept remains the same. In reported speech, we convey these statements made by someone else in our own words, while still maintaining the intended meaning and tone of the original statement.
Reported offers are statements where someone offers to do something for someone else. When reporting an offer, we usually use reporting verbs such as "offer," "suggest," or "propose." For example, if someone says, "I will help you with your homework," in reported speech, we can say, "He/she offered to help me with my homework." The verb tense may also change depending on the context and the time of the original offer.
Invitations, on the other hand, are statements where someone invites another person to do something together. When reporting an invitation, we typically use reporting verbs like "invite," "ask," or "offer." For instance, if someone says, "Would you like to go to the movies with me?" in reported speech, we can say, "He/she invited me to go to the movies with him/her." Again, the verb tense may be adjusted accordingly.
Promises involve statements where someone assures or guarantees that they will do something in the future. When reporting a promise, we often use reporting verbs such as "promise," "assure," or "guarantee." For example, if someone says, "I promise I will finish the project by tomorrow," in reported speech, we can say, "He/she promised to finish the project by the next day." As with the previous cases, the verb tense may be altered based on the original promise.
It is important to note that when reporting offers, invitations, and promises, we usually change the pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and verb tenses to match the context of the reporting speech. Additionally, reported speech is often introduced by reporting verbs followed by the conjunction "that." However, it is also possible to omit "that" in certain cases.
In summary, reported offers, invitations, and promises involve conveying someone else's statements in our own words while maintaining the intended meaning and tone. By using appropriate reporting verbs, adjusting pronouns and verb tenses, and introducing reported speech with the conjunction "that," we can effectively report these types of statements.
The rules for reporting offers, invitations, and promises in reported speech are as follows:
1. Reporting offers:
When reporting an offer, we usually use the verb "offer" or a similar verb such as "suggest" or "propose." The reporting verb is followed by the infinitive form of the verb.
For example:
Direct speech: "I will help you with your project."
Reported speech: He offered to help me with my project.
2. Reporting invitations:
When reporting an invitation, we use the verb "invite" or a similar verb such as "ask" or "offer." The reporting verb is followed by the person being invited and the infinitive form of the verb.
For example:
Direct speech: "Would you like to come to my party?"
Reported speech: She invited me to her party.
3. Reporting promises:
When reporting a promise, we use the verb "promise" or a similar verb such as "guarantee" or "assure." The reporting verb is followed by the person making the promise and the infinitive form of the verb.
For example:
Direct speech: "I will finish the report by tomorrow."
Reported speech: He promised to finish the report by the next day.
It is important to note that when reporting offers, invitations, and promises, we may need to change the tense of the verb in reported speech to reflect the time shift. For example, present tense may change to past tense, and future tense may change to conditional tense.
Additionally, reporting verbs such as "say," "tell," or "ask" are commonly used to introduce reported speech. These verbs are followed by a reporting clause, which includes the reporting verb, the person being spoken to, and any necessary changes in pronouns, time expressions, or verb tenses.
Overall, the rules for reporting offers, invitations, and promises in reported speech involve using appropriate reporting verbs, adjusting verb tenses, and maintaining the overall meaning and intention of the original statement.
When reporting statements with 'let' in reported speech, there are a few key points to keep in mind.
Firstly, it is important to understand that 'let' is a special verb in reported speech as it does not follow the usual pattern of changing the tense of the verb. Instead, 'let' remains unchanged regardless of the tense of the reported speech.
Secondly, when reporting statements with 'let', we need to consider the subject of the reported speech. If the subject is the same as the subject of the reporting verb, we can use 'let' followed by the pronoun 'me', 'you', 'him', 'her', 'us', or 'them'. For example:
Direct speech: "Let's go to the park."
Reported speech: He suggested that we should go to the park.
In this example, the subject of the reporting verb 'He' is the same as the subject of the reported speech 'Let's', so we use 'let' followed by 'us'.
However, if the subject of the reported speech is different from the subject of the reporting verb, we need to use 'let' followed by the pronoun 'him', 'her', or 'them'. For example:
Direct speech: "Let her go to the party."
Reported speech: He allowed her to go to the party.
In this example, the subject of the reporting verb 'He' is different from the subject of the reported speech 'Let her', so we use 'let' followed by 'her'.
Additionally, when reporting statements with 'let', we can also use 'allow' or 'permit' instead of 'let' to convey the same meaning. For example:
Direct speech: "Let them play outside."
Reported speech: She allowed them to play outside.
In this example, we have used 'allowed' instead of 'let' to report the statement.
In summary, when reporting statements with 'let' in reported speech, we need to consider the subject of the reported speech and use 'let' followed by the appropriate pronoun or use 'allow' or 'permit' as alternatives.
Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is a way of reporting or paraphrasing someone's words or thoughts. When using reported speech in the past, we are referring to something that was said or thought in the past. This means that the reported speech is not happening at the present moment, but it is being reported after the original statement or thought was made.
To convert direct speech into reported speech in the past, there are a few changes that need to be made. Firstly, the reporting verb or the verb that introduces the reported speech needs to be changed to the past tense. For example, if the original statement was "I am tired," the reporting verb "am" would change to "was" in reported speech, resulting in "He said he was tired."
Secondly, the pronouns used in the reported speech may need to be changed. In reported speech, the pronouns are often changed to reflect the perspective of the person reporting the speech. For example, if the original statement was "I love this book," and the person reporting the speech is referring to themselves, they would change the pronoun "I" to "he/she" in reported speech, resulting in "He/she said he/she loved that book."
Thirdly, the tense of the verb in the reported speech may need to be changed. If the original statement was in the present tense, it is often changed to the past tense in reported speech. For example, if the original statement was "I go to the gym every day," the verb "go" would change to "went" in reported speech, resulting in "He said he went to the gym every day."
Additionally, other changes may be necessary depending on the specific situation. For example, if the reported speech includes time expressions, they may need to be adjusted to reflect the past. If the original statement was "I will see you tomorrow," the time expression "tomorrow" would change to "the next day" in reported speech, resulting in "He said he would see me the next day."
It is important to note that when using reported speech in the past, the tense of the reporting verb and the verb in the reported speech may not always match. The tense of the reporting verb indicates the time when the reporting is happening, while the tense of the reported speech indicates the time when the original statement or thought was made.
In conclusion, reported speech in the past is a way of reporting or paraphrasing something that was said or thought in the past. It involves changing the reporting verb to the past tense, adjusting pronouns and verb tenses, and potentially modifying time expressions to reflect the past.
The rules for reporting statements in the past in reported speech are as follows:
1. Change of tense: When reporting statements in the past, the tense of the verb in the reported speech is usually shifted back one tense. For example, if the original statement was in the present simple tense, it would be reported in the past simple tense.
2. Change of pronouns: The pronouns in the reported speech are often changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker in the reported speech. For example, "I" becomes "he/she" and "we" becomes "they".
3. Change of time and place references: Time and place references in the reported speech are usually changed to reflect the time and place of the reported speech. For example, "today" becomes "that day" and "here" becomes "there".
4. Reporting verbs: The choice of reporting verbs can also change when reporting statements in the past. Common reporting verbs for past statements include "said", "told", "asked", "explained", etc.
5. Indirect speech: The reported speech is usually introduced by a reporting verb followed by the word "that". However, in informal speech, the word "that" can be omitted.
6. Punctuation: When reporting statements in the past, the reported speech is often enclosed in quotation marks or reported using indirect speech without quotation marks.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the specific situation. Additionally, reported speech in the past can also include reported questions, commands, and requests, which may have their own specific rules.
When reporting questions in the past in reported speech, there are a few key changes that need to be made. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to report questions in the past:
1. Change the tense: The tense of the reported speech needs to be changed to reflect that the original question was asked in the past. For example, if the original question was in the simple present tense, it should be changed to the simple past tense in reported speech.
2. Use an introductory verb: Begin the reported speech with an appropriate introductory verb such as "asked," "inquired," "wondered," or "wanted to know." This verb should be in the past tense to indicate that the question was asked in the past.
3. Change the pronouns and adverbs: Adjust the pronouns and adverbs in the reported speech to match the new context. For example, if the original question used the pronoun "you," it should be changed to "he/she" or the appropriate third-person pronoun in reported speech.
4. Use the word "if" or "whether": If the original question was a yes/no question, introduce the reported speech with the word "if" or "whether." This helps to indicate that the question was a yes/no question.
5. Maintain the word order: Keep the word order of the reported speech the same as in the original question. For example, if the original question was "What is your name?" the reported speech should be "He/she asked me what my name was."
6. Use reporting verbs for specific question words: If the original question contained specific question words like "where," "when," "why," "how," or "who," use appropriate reporting verbs to report these question words. For example, "He/she asked me where I had been."
Overall, when reporting questions in the past, it is important to change the tense, use an introductory verb in the past tense, adjust pronouns and adverbs, use "if" or "whether" for yes/no questions, maintain word order, and use reporting verbs for specific question words. By following these steps, you can accurately report questions in the past in reported speech.
Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is a way of reporting or paraphrasing someone's words, thoughts, or ideas without using their exact words. It is used to convey information or statements made by someone else in the past, present, or future. In this case, we will focus on the concept of reported speech in the future.
When reporting speech in the future, we need to make certain changes to the verb tenses, pronouns, time expressions, and adverbs to accurately convey the original speaker's intended meaning. Here are the key points to consider when using reported speech in the future:
1. Reporting verb: The reporting verb used to introduce the reported speech in the future is usually a verb that indicates future time, such as "will," "shall," "be going to," or "is about to."
2. Tense changes: The tense of the verb within the reported speech is shifted back to a past tense. For example, if the original speaker said, "I will go to the party tomorrow," the reported speech would be "He said he would go to the party the next day."
3. Pronoun changes: Pronouns within the reported speech may need to be changed to reflect the perspective of the reporting speaker. For example, if the original speaker said, "We will meet at the park," the reported speech would be "He said they would meet at the park."
4. Time expressions and adverbs: Time expressions and adverbs may need to be adjusted to reflect the change from future to past. For example, if the original speaker said, "I will see you later," the reported speech would be "She said she would see me later."
It is important to note that when reporting speech in the future, the use of "will" in the reported speech is often changed to "would" to maintain the past tense. However, if the reported speech is expressing a future event that is still expected to happen, "will" can be retained.
Overall, the concept of reported speech in the future involves shifting the verb tenses, adjusting pronouns, and modifying time expressions to accurately report someone's words or thoughts about future events. By understanding and applying these changes, we can effectively convey the intended meaning of the original speaker in reported speech.
When reporting statements in the future in reported speech, there are several rules to follow. These rules involve changes in verb tenses, pronouns, time expressions, and reporting verbs. Here are the rules for reporting statements in the future:
1. Verb Tenses:
- If the reported statement is in the future simple tense (e.g., "I will go"), it is usually changed to the conditional tense (e.g., "He said he would go").
- If the reported statement is in the future continuous tense (e.g., "They will be playing"), it is usually changed to the conditional continuous tense (e.g., "She said they would be playing").
- If the reported statement is in the future perfect tense (e.g., "We will have finished"), it is usually changed to the conditional perfect tense (e.g., "He said they would have finished").
2. Pronouns:
- Pronouns referring to the speaker may change according to the context. For example, "I" may change to "he" or "she" when reporting someone else's statement.
- Pronouns referring to the listener may also change. For example, "you" may change to "me" or "him" when reporting someone else's statement.
3. Time Expressions:
- Time expressions indicating future time may need to be changed to reflect the past. For example, "tomorrow" may change to "the next day" or "the following day" when reporting a future statement.
4. Reporting Verbs:
- Reporting verbs such as "say," "tell," or "ask" are used to introduce reported speech. These verbs may need to be changed to reflect the past tense. For example, "He said, 'I will come tomorrow'" can be reported as "He said that he would come the next day."
It is important to note that these rules are not always strict and may vary depending on the context and the speaker's intention. Additionally, direct speech may sometimes be used instead of reported speech to convey future statements more accurately.
When reporting questions in the future tense in reported speech, there are a few key changes that need to be made. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to report questions in the future tense:
1. Identify the tense: Determine whether the original question is in the simple future tense or the future continuous tense. This will help you accurately report the question.
2. Introduce the reporting verb: Begin the reported speech by using an appropriate reporting verb such as "asked," "inquired," or "wondered." This verb should be in the past tense.
3. Change the pronouns and adverbs: Adjust the pronouns and adverbs in the reported speech to match the new context. For example, change "I" to "he/she" and "now" to "then."
4. Use the reporting verb in the future tense: Since the original question is in the future tense, the reporting verb should also be in the future tense. This helps to maintain the correct tense throughout the reported speech.
5. Change the word order: In reported speech, the word order of the question changes from a question form to a statement form. For example, "Will you be attending the party?" becomes "He/she asked if I would be attending the party."
6. Use the appropriate reporting clause: Depending on the situation, you may need to add a reporting clause to provide additional information about who asked the question or the context in which it was asked. This can be done by using phrases such as "He/she asked me," "I wondered," or "They inquired."
7. Punctuate correctly: Ensure that the reported speech is punctuated correctly, using quotation marks for direct speech and no quotation marks for indirect speech.
Here are a few examples to illustrate the process:
Original question: "Will you be coming to the meeting tomorrow?"
Reported speech: He/she asked if I would be coming to the meeting the next day.
Original question: "What time will the concert start?"
Reported speech: They inquired what time the concert would start.
By following these steps, you can accurately report questions in the future tense in reported speech. Remember to pay attention to the tense changes, pronouns, adverbs, word order, and punctuation to ensure the reported speech is grammatically correct and conveys the intended meaning.
Reported speech refers to the act of reporting or paraphrasing someone's words or statements. It involves expressing what someone else said or thought in our own words. When it comes to reported speech with conditionals, we need to consider the changes that occur in the verb tenses, pronouns, adverbs, and time expressions.
In reported speech, conditionals are used to express hypothetical or unreal situations. There are three main types of conditionals: zero conditional, first conditional, and second conditional. Let's explore how each of these conditionals is reported in reported speech.
1. Zero Conditional:
The zero conditional is used to express general truths or facts. In reported speech, the zero conditional is reported using the past simple tense in both the if-clause and the main clause. For example:
Direct speech: "If you heat ice, it melts."
Reported speech: He said that if you heated ice, it melted.
2. First Conditional:
The first conditional is used to express real or possible situations in the future. In reported speech, the first conditional is reported using the past simple tense in the if-clause and the would + base form of the verb in the main clause. For example:
Direct speech: "If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home."
Reported speech: She said that if it rained the next day, she would stay at home.
3. Second Conditional:
The second conditional is used to express hypothetical or unreal situations in the present or future. In reported speech, the second conditional is reported using the past simple tense in the if-clause and the would + base form of the verb in the main clause. For example:
Direct speech: "If I won the lottery, I would travel the world."
Reported speech: He said that if he won the lottery, he would travel the world.
In reported speech with conditionals, there are also changes in pronouns, adverbs, and time expressions. Pronouns are changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker in reported speech. Adverbs of time are usually shifted to reflect the past tense. For example:
Direct speech: "I will help you if you need assistance tomorrow."
Reported speech: She said that she would help me if I needed assistance the next day.
In conclusion, reported speech with conditionals involves reporting someone's words or statements about hypothetical or unreal situations. It requires changes in verb tenses, pronouns, adverbs, and time expressions to accurately convey the reported speech.
When reporting conditional sentences in reported speech, there are several rules to follow. These rules depend on whether the reported speech is reporting a real or unreal condition. Let's discuss the rules for each case:
1. Reporting Real Condition:
- If the reported speech is reporting a real condition, we use the same tense and modal verb as in the original sentence.
- The word "if" is usually changed to "whether" or omitted.
- The reporting verb is usually in the present tense.
Example:
Original sentence: She said, "If it rains, I will stay at home."
Reported speech: She said that if it rained, she would stay at home.
2. Reporting Unreal Condition:
- If the reported speech is reporting an unreal condition, we need to make changes to the tense and modal verb.
- The word "if" is usually changed to "whether" or omitted.
- The reporting verb is usually in the past tense.
Example:
Original sentence: He said, "If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam."
Reported speech: He said that if he had studied harder, he would have passed the exam.
3. Mixed Conditional Sentences:
- In mixed conditional sentences, where the condition is unreal in the past but the result is still possible in the present, we need to make appropriate changes.
- The past perfect tense is used in the condition clause, and the present conditional tense is used in the result clause.
- The reporting verb is usually in the past tense.
Example:
Original sentence: They said, "If we had known about the party, we would have attended."
Reported speech: They said that if they had known about the party, they would attend.
It is important to note that when reporting conditional sentences, the reporting verb, tense, and pronouns may also need to be changed according to the context of the reported speech. Additionally, reported speech may also involve changes in time and place expressions.
To report reported speech in reported speech, we need to follow certain rules and make appropriate changes to the original reported speech. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to do it:
1. Identify the original reported speech: Start by identifying the original reported speech within the given sentence or conversation. This can be indicated by quotation marks or by the use of reporting verbs such as "said," "told," "asked," etc.
2. Introduce the reporting verb: Begin the reported speech by introducing a reporting verb that indicates the act of reporting. Common reporting verbs include "said," "told," "asked," "informed," etc. Make sure to use the appropriate reporting verb based on the context and the tense of the original reported speech.
3. Change the pronouns and verb tenses: Adjust the pronouns and verb tenses in the reported speech according to the rules of reported speech. The general rule is to shift the pronouns and verb tenses one step back in time. For example, if the original reported speech is in the present tense, it should be changed to the past tense in the reported speech. Similarly, if the original reported speech refers to the first person, it should be changed to the third person in the reported speech.
4. Use reporting clauses or conjunctions: Use reporting clauses or conjunctions to connect the reporting verb with the reported speech. Common reporting clauses include "that," "whether," "if," etc. For example, "He said that..." or "She asked whether..."
5. Make necessary changes to time and place references: If the original reported speech includes specific time or place references, adjust them accordingly in the reported speech. For example, change "tomorrow" to "the next day" or "here" to "there."
6. Maintain the original meaning: Ensure that the reported speech accurately conveys the original meaning of the speaker. Avoid adding or omitting any crucial information unless necessary for clarity or grammatical correctness.
7. Punctuate correctly: Use appropriate punctuation marks to indicate reported speech. In most cases, reported speech is enclosed within quotation marks or reported speech marks. Additionally, use commas, question marks, or exclamation marks as needed based on the tone and structure of the reported speech.
By following these steps, you can effectively report reported speech in reported speech while maintaining the accuracy and integrity of the original message.
Reported thoughts and beliefs refer to the act of reporting or conveying someone else's thoughts or beliefs in indirect speech. It involves paraphrasing or summarizing what someone has said or expressed in their mind. This concept is commonly used in storytelling, interviews, or when relaying information about someone's thoughts or beliefs.
When reporting thoughts and beliefs, there are certain changes that occur in the sentence structure and verb tense. The reporting verb, such as "say," "think," "believe," or "feel," is used to introduce the reported thought or belief. The tense of the reporting verb is usually changed to match the time of the reported thought or belief. For example, if the original thought or belief was expressed in the present tense, the reporting verb would be in the present tense as well.
Additionally, pronouns and time expressions may also need to be adjusted when reporting thoughts and beliefs. Pronouns referring to the person's thoughts or beliefs are changed to reflect the perspective of the reporter. For example, "I think" becomes "he/she thinks." Time expressions may also need to be adjusted to reflect the time of the reported thought or belief.
Here is an example to illustrate the concept of reported thoughts and beliefs:
Original thought: "I believe that education is the key to success."
Reported thought: He/she said that he/she believed that education was the key to success.
In this example, the original thought is reported using the reporting verb "said" in the past tense. The pronouns "I" and "that" are changed to "he/she" to reflect the perspective of the reporter. The verb "believe" is changed from present tense to past tense, and the time expression "is" is changed to "was" to match the time of the reported thought.
Overall, reported thoughts and beliefs allow us to convey what someone else has said or expressed in their mind. It is important to pay attention to the changes in verb tense, pronouns, and time expressions when reporting thoughts and beliefs accurately.
When reporting thoughts and beliefs in reported speech, there are several rules that need to be followed. These rules help to accurately convey the original speaker's thoughts and beliefs while maintaining the appropriate tense and pronoun changes. Here are the key rules for reporting thoughts and beliefs:
1. Reporting verb: The reporting verb used to introduce the reported speech can vary depending on the context. Common reporting verbs for thoughts and beliefs include "think," "believe," "consider," "assume," and "suppose."
2. Reporting verb tense: The tense of the reporting verb is usually changed to reflect the time of the reported speech. For example, if the original thought or belief was expressed in the present tense, the reporting verb should be in the past tense. If the original thought or belief was expressed in the past tense, the reporting verb should be in the past perfect tense.
3. Pronoun changes: Pronouns in the reported speech need to be changed to reflect the perspective of the reporting speaker. For example, first-person pronouns (I, me, my) change to third-person pronouns (he, she, they) in reported speech.
4. Reporting clause: The reporting clause is the part of the sentence that introduces the reported speech. It often includes words like "that," "if," or "whether." However, in reported thoughts and beliefs, the reporting clause is often omitted, especially when the reported speech is introduced by a verb like "think" or "believe."
5. Indirect speech: The reported thoughts and beliefs are usually expressed in indirect speech, meaning that the exact words of the original speaker are not quoted directly. Instead, the reported speech is paraphrased or summarized.
6. Backshift of tenses: When reporting thoughts and beliefs, there is often a backshift of tenses. This means that the tense of the verb in the reported speech is shifted back one step. For example, if the original speaker said, "I am happy," it would be reported as "He said he was happy."
7. Modals and adverbs: Modals and adverbs may also require changes when reporting thoughts and beliefs. For example, "can" may change to "could," "will" may change to "would," and "here" may change to "there."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and the reporting verb used. Therefore, it is essential to carefully consider the tense, pronoun changes, and other modifications required to accurately report thoughts and beliefs in reported speech.
When reporting reported questions in reported speech, there are a few key steps to follow.
First, it is important to understand that reported speech is used to convey someone else's words or thoughts. In the case of reported questions, we are reporting someone else's question.
To report a reported question, we need to make some changes to the original question. Here is a step-by-step guide:
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb is the verb that introduces the reported speech. Common reporting verbs for questions include ask, inquire, wonder, and want to know. For example, if the original question was "What time is it?", we can use the reporting verb "asked" to report it as "He asked what time it was."
2. Change the pronouns: Pronouns in the reported question need to be changed to reflect the perspective of the person reporting the question. For example, if the original question was "Are you going to the party?", and the person reporting the question is referring to themselves, it would be reported as "She asked if I was going to the party."
3. Change the tense: The tense of the reported question is usually shifted back one tense. For example, if the original question was in the present tense, it would be reported in the past tense. If the original question was in the past tense, it would be reported in the past perfect tense. For example, if the original question was "Did you see the movie?", it would be reported as "He asked if I had seen the movie."
4. Change the question structure: In reported speech, we often change the question structure from a direct question to an indirect statement. This means that we remove the question mark and rephrase the question as a statement. For example, if the original question was "Where are you going?", it would be reported as "She asked where I was going."
5. Use reporting words: It is common to use reporting words such as "asked," "inquired," or "wondered" to introduce the reported question. These words help to indicate that the reported speech is a question. For example, "He wondered if she had finished her homework."
Overall, when reporting reported questions in reported speech, we need to change the reporting verb, pronouns, tense, and question structure while using appropriate reporting words. By following these steps, we can accurately report someone else's question in reported speech.
Reported speech in newspaper headlines refers to the way in which direct quotes or statements made by individuals are reported indirectly in news headlines. It is a common practice in journalism to summarize or paraphrase the original statement while still conveying the essence of the message accurately.
When reporting speech in newspaper headlines, certain conventions are followed to ensure clarity and brevity. These conventions include the use of reporting verbs, changes in verb tense, and the omission of certain words or phrases.
Firstly, reporting verbs such as "say," "claim," "announce," or "declare" are used to attribute the statement to the source. These verbs help to establish the credibility of the information being reported. For example, a headline might read, "President Declares New Economic Policy."
Secondly, changes in verb tense are often made when reporting speech in newspaper headlines. Direct quotes are typically reported in the past tense, regardless of when they were originally spoken. This is done to maintain consistency and to clearly distinguish between the original statement and the reporting of it. For instance, a direct quote like "I will lower taxes," would be reported as "He said he would lower taxes" in a newspaper headline.
Lastly, newspaper headlines often omit certain words or phrases to keep the headline concise and attention-grabbing. Non-essential words such as articles, pronouns, and conjunctions are frequently left out. This allows for a more impactful headline while still conveying the main message accurately. For example, a direct quote like "We are working towards a brighter future" might be reported as "Working towards a brighter future" in a newspaper headline.
Overall, reported speech in newspaper headlines is a technique used to summarize and convey the essence of a direct quote or statement made by an individual. By using reporting verbs, changing verb tense, and omitting non-essential words, journalists are able to present the information in a concise and impactful manner while maintaining accuracy and credibility.
When reporting newspaper headlines in reported speech, there are a few rules to follow:
1. Change the tense: The tense of the reported speech should be changed to reflect the time of the reported event. For example, if the headline says "Scientists discover new species," when reporting it, you would say, "The newspaper reported that scientists had discovered a new species."
2. Remove quotation marks: In reported speech, quotation marks are not used. Instead, the reported speech is introduced by a reporting verb or phrase, such as "The newspaper reported that" or "According to the article."
3. Change pronouns and time expressions: Pronouns and time expressions may need to be changed to match the reported speech. For example, if the headline says "We won the championship," when reporting it, you would say, "They reported that they had won the championship."
4. Maintain the meaning: While reporting the headline, it is important to maintain the meaning and essence of the original headline. However, slight changes may be made to fit the reported speech structure.
5. Use reporting verbs: When reporting newspaper headlines, it is common to use reporting verbs such as "announce," "state," "claim," "reveal," or "confirm" to introduce the reported speech. For example, "The article announced that a new study had been conducted."
Overall, the rules for reporting newspaper headlines in reported speech involve changing the tense, removing quotation marks, adjusting pronouns and time expressions, maintaining meaning, and using appropriate reporting verbs.
When reporting reported speech in indirect questions, there are a few key steps to follow.
Firstly, it is important to understand that indirect questions are used when we want to report a question that someone else has asked.
To report reported speech in indirect questions, we need to make some changes to the original question.
1. Change the question word: If the original question starts with a question word like "who," "what," "where," "when," "why," or "how," we need to change it to an appropriate question word for our indirect question. For example, if the original question is "Who asked you that?", we can report it as "I asked who had asked you that."
2. Use the reporting verb: We need to use an appropriate reporting verb such as "ask," "wonder," "want to know," or "inquire" to introduce the indirect question. For example, "She asked me where I was going" can be reported as "She asked me where I was going."
3. Change the tense: We may need to change the tense of the verb in the reported speech to match the tense of the reporting verb. For example, if the original question is "When did you arrive?", we can report it as "He asked me when I had arrived."
4. Change pronouns and possessive adjectives: We may need to change the pronouns and possessive adjectives in the reported speech to match the subject of the reporting verb. For example, if the original question is "Did you see her?", we can report it as "He asked if I had seen her."
5. Use the word "if" or "whether": In indirect questions, we often use the word "if" or "whether" to introduce the question. For example, "He asked me if I had finished my homework."
Overall, when reporting reported speech in indirect questions, we need to make changes to the question word, use an appropriate reporting verb, change the tense, adjust pronouns and possessive adjectives, and introduce the question with "if" or "whether." By following these steps, we can accurately report reported speech in indirect questions.
Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is a way of reporting or paraphrasing someone's words or statements. It is used to convey what someone said without using their exact words. When it comes to reported commands and requests, the concept of reported speech is applied to relay instructions or appeals made by someone else.
Reported commands are used to report an order or a directive given by someone. When reporting a command, the verb used in the reported speech is changed to an infinitive form. Additionally, the reporting verb is often followed by an object pronoun or the word "to" before the verb. For example, if someone said, "Close the door," the reported command would be "He told me to close the door."
Reported requests, on the other hand, are used to report a polite or direct appeal made by someone. When reporting a request, the verb used in the reported speech is changed to an infinitive form as well. Similar to reported commands, the reporting verb is often followed by an object pronoun or the word "to" before the verb. For instance, if someone said, "Could you please pass me the salt?" the reported request would be "She asked me to pass her the salt."
It is important to note that when reporting commands and requests, the tense of the reporting verb is usually changed to match the time of the original statement. For example, if the original command or request was in the present tense, the reporting verb would also be in the present tense. However, if the original statement was in the past tense, the reporting verb would be changed accordingly.
In reported speech, it is common to introduce the reported command or request with reporting verbs such as "tell," "ask," "order," "advise," or "request." These verbs are followed by the indirect object pronoun or the person to whom the command or request was directed.
In summary, reported speech in reported commands and requests is a way of conveying someone's instructions or appeals indirectly. It involves changing the verb form and using reporting verbs to accurately report what was said while maintaining the intended meaning.
The rules for reporting reported commands and requests in reported speech are as follows:
1. Change the verb tense: When reporting a command or request, the verb tense is usually changed to the past tense. For example, if the original command was "Close the door," it would be reported as "He told me to close the door."
2. Use an appropriate reporting verb: Use reporting verbs such as "tell," "ask," "order," "command," or "request" to introduce the reported command or request. For example, "She asked me to help her with the project."
3. Change pronouns and possessive adjectives: In reported speech, pronouns and possessive adjectives are often changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker. For example, "He said, 'Give me the book'" would be reported as "He told me to give him the book."
4. Use the infinitive form of the verb: In reported commands and requests, the verb is usually changed to the infinitive form. For example, "She said, 'Please bring me a glass of water'" would be reported as "She asked me to bring her a glass of water."
5. Use reporting expressions: Use reporting expressions such as "asked," "ordered," "requested," "told," or "commanded" to indicate the nature of the reported command or request. For example, "He commanded, 'Do your homework'" would be reported as "He commanded me to do my homework."
6. Use indirect speech: In reported commands and requests, the direct speech is usually changed to indirect speech. For example, "She said, 'Go to bed early'" would be reported as "She told me to go to bed early."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the specific reporting verb used. Additionally, it is essential to pay attention to any changes in modals, time expressions, and adverbs when reporting reported commands and requests.
When reporting reported offers, invitations, and promises in reported speech, there are certain changes that need to be made to the original sentence. Here are the steps to follow:
1. Reporting verb: Begin the reported speech with an appropriate reporting verb such as 'said', 'told', 'asked', 'offered', 'invited', 'promised', etc. Choose the reporting verb based on the context of the sentence.
2. Reporting clause: Introduce the reported speech with a reporting clause that includes the reporting verb and the person who made the original offer, invitation, or promise. For example, "He said that", "She told me that", "They asked if", "He offered to", "She invited me to", "They promised that", etc.
3. Changes in pronouns: Adjust the pronouns in the reported speech to reflect the perspective of the person reporting the original statement. This means that the pronouns referring to the person making the offer, invitation, or promise will change according to the following rules:
- If the reported speech is about the same person as the person reporting, no changes are needed. For example, "He said, 'I offer you a job.'" becomes "He said that he offers me a job."
- If the reported speech is about a different person than the person reporting, the pronouns will change accordingly. For example, "She said, 'I invite you to the party.'" becomes "She said that she invites me to the party."
4. Changes in verb tenses: Adjust the verb tenses in the reported speech based on the relationship between the time of the original statement and the time of reporting. The general rule is to shift the verb tenses back one step. Here are some examples:
- Present simple changes to past simple: "He said, 'I offer you a job.'" becomes "He said that he offered me a job."
- Present continuous changes to past continuous: "She said, 'I am inviting you to the party.'" becomes "She said that she was inviting me to the party."
- Present perfect changes to past perfect: "They said, 'We have promised to help you.'" becomes "They said that they had promised to help me."
5. Changes in time and place expressions: Adjust any time and place expressions in the reported speech to reflect the time and place of the original statement. For example, "He said, 'I will meet you tomorrow at 5 pm.'" becomes "He said that he would meet me the next day at 5 pm."
By following these steps, you can accurately report reported offers, invitations, and promises in reported speech. Remember to pay attention to the changes in pronouns, verb tenses, and time/place expressions to ensure the reported speech is grammatically correct and conveys the intended meaning.
Reported speech refers to the act of reporting or conveying someone else's words, thoughts, or beliefs. It involves paraphrasing or summarizing what someone has said or thought, while still maintaining the original meaning and intention.
When it comes to reported thoughts and beliefs, the concept of reported speech is used to express someone's inner thoughts, opinions, or beliefs indirectly. It allows us to share what someone thinks or believes without using their exact words.
In reported thoughts, we typically use reporting verbs such as "think," "believe," "consider," or "suppose" to introduce the reported thought. For example, if someone says, "I think it's going to rain tomorrow," the reported thought would be expressed as, "He/she thought it was going to rain the next day."
Similarly, in reported beliefs, we use reporting verbs like "believe," "assume," "feel," or "expect" to introduce the reported belief. For instance, if someone says, "I believe that education is the key to success," the reported belief would be expressed as, "He/she believed that education was the key to success."
It is important to note that when reporting thoughts and beliefs, certain changes may occur in the reported speech. These changes include:
1. Pronoun changes: The pronouns used in the reported speech may change to reflect the perspective of the person reporting the thoughts or beliefs. For example, "I" may change to "he/she" or "we" may change to "they."
2. Verb tense changes: The verb tenses used in the reported speech may also change. For example, present tense may change to past tense, and future tense may change to conditional tense.
3. Time and place changes: The reported speech may also involve changes in time and place references. For instance, "today" may change to "that day" or "here" may change to "there."
4. Reporting verbs: The choice of reporting verbs can also affect the meaning and tone of the reported speech. Different reporting verbs can convey varying levels of certainty, doubt, or opinion.
Overall, reported speech in reported thoughts and beliefs allows us to share someone's inner world indirectly, providing insight into their opinions, perspectives, and beliefs. It is a useful tool for accurately conveying what someone thinks or believes while maintaining the integrity of their original words.
When reporting reported thoughts and beliefs in reported speech, there are several rules that need to be followed. These rules help to accurately convey the original speaker's thoughts and beliefs while maintaining the appropriate tense and pronoun changes. Here are the key rules for reporting reported thoughts and beliefs:
1. Change of pronouns: In reported speech, the pronouns used to refer to the original speaker may need to be changed. For example, if the original speaker said, "I believe that..." the reported speech would change it to "He/she believes that...". The pronouns should be adjusted according to the subject of the reported thoughts or beliefs.
2. Change of verb tense: The verb tense used in the reported thoughts and beliefs should be shifted to reflect the time of reporting. For example, if the original speaker said, "I thought it was a good idea," the reported speech would change it to "He/she thought it was a good idea." The past tense "was" is changed to reflect the present tense "is" in reported speech.
3. Reporting verbs: When reporting reported thoughts and beliefs, appropriate reporting verbs such as "believe," "think," "consider," or "assume" are used to introduce the reported speech. These verbs help to indicate that the following statement is a reported thought or belief. For example, "He/she believes that..." or "He/she thought that..."
4. Indirect speech: Reported thoughts and beliefs are usually presented in indirect speech rather than direct speech. This means that the reported speech is not enclosed in quotation marks and does not use the exact words of the original speaker. Instead, it is paraphrased to convey the same meaning.
5. Backshift of modals and adverbs: Modals and adverbs used in the original thoughts or beliefs may need to be backshifted in reported speech. For example, if the original speaker said, "I can do it," the reported speech would change it to "He/she said he/she could do it." The modal "can" is changed to "could" to reflect the past tense.
6. Reporting verbs in the past tense: If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verb tense in the reported speech remains unchanged. For example, if the reporting verb is "said," the reported thoughts and beliefs would also be in the past tense. However, if the reporting verb is in the present tense, the verb tense in the reported speech needs to be adjusted accordingly.
By following these rules, reported thoughts and beliefs can be accurately reported in reported speech, maintaining the integrity of the original speaker's intentions and beliefs.
Reported speech refers to the act of reporting or paraphrasing someone's words or statements. In the context of reported newspaper headlines, it involves summarizing or rephrasing the original statement made by a speaker or a source in a news article.
Reported newspaper headlines are a common way for journalists to convey information to their readers. They often summarize the main points of an event or an interview in a concise and attention-grabbing manner. However, due to space limitations or the need to maintain objectivity, direct quotations are not always used in headlines. Instead, reported speech is employed to convey the essence of the original statement while maintaining the journalistic style.
When using reported speech in newspaper headlines, certain changes are made to the original statement. These changes include:
1. Tense changes: The tense of the reported speech is often shifted to reflect the time of the reported event. For example, if the original statement was made in the present tense, it may be reported in the past tense in the headline.
2. Pronoun changes: Pronouns in the reported speech are often adjusted to match the subject of the headline or the person being quoted. For instance, if the original statement used the pronoun "I," it may be changed to "he" or "she" in the reported speech.
3. Verb changes: Sometimes, the verb used in the reported speech is altered to maintain grammatical accuracy or to fit the context of the headline. This can involve changing the verb tense, mood, or form.
4. Omission of certain words: In order to make the headline more concise, certain words or phrases from the original statement may be omitted. However, care is taken to ensure that the essence of the statement is not lost.
For example, let's consider the following original statement made by a politician during a press conference: "I will introduce a new bill to address climate change."
A reported newspaper headline using reported speech could be: "Politician to introduce new bill on climate change."
In this example, the tense has been changed from future ("will introduce") to present ("to introduce"), and the pronoun "I" has been replaced with the noun "Politician." The essence of the original statement is preserved, but the headline is more concise and attention-grabbing.
In conclusion, reported speech in reported newspaper headlines involves summarizing or rephrasing the original statement made by a speaker or a source in a news article. It requires certain changes to be made, such as tense, pronoun, and verb changes, as well as the omission of certain words, in order to convey the essence of the statement in a concise and attention-grabbing manner.
When reporting reported newspaper headlines in reported speech, there are a few rules to follow. These rules include:
1. Changing the tense: When reporting a newspaper headline, we usually change the tense of the verb in the reported speech. For example, if the headline says "Scientists discover new species," in reported speech, it would be reported as "The newspaper reported that scientists had discovered a new species."
2. Changing pronouns and possessive adjectives: Pronouns and possessive adjectives may need to be changed when reporting newspaper headlines. For example, if the headline says "He wins the championship," in reported speech, it would be reported as "The newspaper reported that he had won the championship."
3. Removing quotation marks: In reported speech, quotation marks are not used. Instead, we use reporting verbs such as "reported," "stated," "announced," etc., to indicate that the information is being reported from a source.
4. Indirect speech: Reported newspaper headlines are considered indirect speech, so the reporting verb is often followed by the conjunction "that." For example, "The newspaper reported that the economy is improving."
5. Changing time and place references: Time and place references may need to be changed when reporting newspaper headlines. For example, if the headline says "Fire breaks out in downtown," in reported speech, it would be reported as "The newspaper reported that a fire had broken out in the downtown area."
6. Retaining the meaning: It is important to retain the meaning of the original headline while reporting it. However, slight changes may be made to fit the context of the reported speech.
Overall, when reporting reported newspaper headlines in reported speech, it is crucial to change the tense, pronouns, possessive adjectives, remove quotation marks, use reporting verbs, change time and place references, and retain the meaning of the original headline.
When reporting reported speech in reported indirect questions, there are a few key steps to follow.
Firstly, it is important to understand that reported indirect questions are used when we want to report a question that someone else has asked.
To report reported speech in reported indirect questions, we need to make some changes to the original question.
1. Reporting verb: Begin by introducing the reported indirect question with an appropriate reporting verb such as 'asked', 'wondered', 'inquired', or 'wanted to know'.
2. Reporting clause: Next, include a reporting clause that indicates who asked the original question. For example, "He asked me", "She wondered", or "They wanted to know".
3. Introductory phrase: Use an introductory phrase to introduce the reported indirect question. Common introductory phrases include 'I asked', 'He wanted to know', or 'She wondered'.
4. Reporting word order: Change the word order of the original question to a statement word order. This means that the subject comes before the verb. For example, change "Did you go to the party?" to "He asked me if I had gone to the party."
5. Reporting verb tense: Adjust the verb tense in the reported indirect question to reflect the time of the original question. For example, change "Are you coming tomorrow?" to "She wondered if I was coming the next day."
6. Reporting pronouns and time expressions: Make necessary changes to pronouns and time expressions to match the reported indirect question. For example, change "Where are you going?" to "He asked me where I was going."
Overall, when reporting reported speech in reported indirect questions, it is important to use an appropriate reporting verb, include a reporting clause, use an introductory phrase, change the word order, adjust the verb tense, and make necessary changes to pronouns and time expressions.
Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is a way of reporting or paraphrasing someone's words or statements. It is used to convey what someone said without using their exact words. When it comes to reported commands and requests, the concept of reported speech remains the same, but there are certain changes in the structure and verb forms.
Reported commands and requests are used when we want to report an order, instruction, or a request made by someone else. In reported speech, the reporting verb is usually changed to a verb that indicates a command or request, such as 'ask', 'tell', 'order', 'advise', 'suggest', etc. The tense of the reporting verb is also changed according to the context.
To convert a direct command or request into reported speech, there are a few changes that need to be made:
1. Reporting verb: The reporting verb is changed to a verb that indicates a command or request. For example, 'tell' or 'order' can be used for commands, while 'ask' or 'request' can be used for requests.
2. Reporting verb tense: The tense of the reporting verb is changed according to the context. If the reported command or request is still valid or relevant at the time of reporting, the reporting verb remains in the present tense. If the reported command or request is no longer valid or relevant, the reporting verb is changed to the past tense.
3. Reporting clause: The reporting clause is used to introduce the reported speech and to indicate who made the command or request. It usually includes the reporting verb, the person who made the command or request, and the word 'to' before the reported command or request. For example, "He told me to clean my room."
4. Pronoun and verb changes: In reported speech, pronouns and verb forms may need to be changed to reflect the shift from direct to indirect speech. The pronouns may change according to the subject of the reported command or request. The verb forms may change from imperative to infinitive or from present tense to past tense.
For example, let's consider a direct command: "John said, 'Close the door.'"
In reported speech, this command can be reported as: "John told me to close the door."
Here, the reporting verb 'said' is changed to 'told' to indicate a command. The pronoun 'you' is changed to 'me' to reflect the shift in perspective. The verb 'close' changes from imperative to infinitive form.
In summary, reported speech in reported commands and requests involves changing the reporting verb, tense, pronouns, and verb forms to accurately convey someone's command or request without using their exact words. It allows us to report what someone said in a more indirect and paraphrased manner.
Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is a linguistic concept used to convey someone's words, thoughts, or beliefs in a different form. It involves reporting or paraphrasing what someone else has said, thought, or believed, without using their exact words. Reported speech is commonly used in conversations, interviews, storytelling, and written texts to report or relay information from one person to another.
When it comes to reported thoughts and beliefs, the concept of reported speech is applied to express someone's inner dialogue or personal convictions indirectly. It allows us to share what someone thinks or believes without directly quoting them. This is particularly useful when we want to convey someone's thoughts or beliefs in a more objective or detached manner.
To convert direct thoughts or beliefs into reported speech, certain changes are made to the original sentence structure. The most common changes include:
1. Reporting verb: The verb used to introduce the reported speech is changed to a verb that indicates thinking or believing, such as "think," "believe," "assume," or "consider." For example, if the direct thought is "I need to study for the exam," it can be reported as "He/she thought/believed that he/she needed to study for the exam."
2. Pronouns: Pronouns referring to the speaker in the direct speech are changed to pronouns referring to the person being reported. For instance, if the direct thought is "I am happy," it can be reported as "He/she thought/believed that he/she was happy."
3. Tense changes: The tense of the verb in the reported speech is often shifted to reflect the time perspective of the original thought or belief. For example, if the direct thought is "I will go to the party," it can be reported as "He/she thought/believed that he/she would go to the party."
4. Time and place expressions: Time and place expressions may also need to be adjusted to match the reported context. For instance, if the direct thought is "I am here," it can be reported as "He/she thought/believed that he/she was there."
It is important to note that reported speech is typically introduced by a reporting verb, followed by the conjunction "that" in most cases. However, the conjunction "that" can often be omitted in informal speech or when the reporting verb is in the present tense.
In conclusion, reported speech is a valuable tool for conveying someone's thoughts and beliefs indirectly. By using reported speech, we can accurately report what someone thinks or believes while maintaining a certain level of objectivity and detachment. The changes in verb tense, pronouns, and time/place expressions help to transform direct thoughts or beliefs into reported speech effectively.
Reported speech refers to the act of reporting or paraphrasing someone's words or statements. It is commonly used in newspaper headlines to summarize or convey information from a source or an event. When it comes to reported speech in reported newspaper headlines, there are a few key concepts to understand.
Firstly, reported newspaper headlines are a form of indirect speech where the original statement or quote is reported by the newspaper rather than being directly quoted. This is done to maintain objectivity and to present the information in a concise and informative manner.
In reported newspaper headlines, the reported speech is often introduced by reporting verbs such as "say," "claim," "announce," or "state." These verbs indicate that the information being presented is not the direct words of the newspaper but rather a summary or paraphrase of what someone else has said.
For example, let's consider the headline "Politician Claims New Tax Policy Will Benefit Middle-Class Families." Here, the reporting verb "claims" indicates that the politician's statement is being reported by the newspaper. The actual words spoken by the politician might have been something like, "Our new tax policy will greatly benefit middle-class families."
In reported newspaper headlines, it is important to note that the reported speech is often transformed to fit the context and style of the headline. This means that the tense, pronouns, and other elements of the original statement may be altered to suit the newspaper's reporting style.
For instance, if the original statement was in the present tense, the reported speech in the headline might be in the past tense. Similarly, pronouns may be changed to reflect the perspective of the newspaper or to maintain clarity.
To illustrate this, let's consider another example: "CEO Announces Company's Expansion Plans." In this headline, the reporting verb "announces" indicates that the CEO's statement is being reported. The original statement might have been something like, "We are excited to announce our company's expansion plans."
In conclusion, reported speech in reported newspaper headlines involves summarizing or paraphrasing someone's words or statements using reporting verbs. It is a way for newspapers to present information objectively and concisely. The tense, pronouns, and other elements of the original statement may be altered to fit the context and style of the headline.
When reporting reported speech in reported indirect questions, there are a few steps to follow.
First, it is important to understand the concept of reported speech. Reported speech is when we report or relay what someone else has said, using our own words. It involves changing the tense, pronouns, and sometimes the adverbs or time expressions to reflect the new context.
Now, when we have reported speech within indirect questions, we need to apply the same principles. Let's break it down step by step:
1. Identify the original reported speech: Start by identifying the original reported speech within the indirect question. This could be a direct question or a statement that someone else has made.
2. Introduce the reporting verb: Begin the reported indirect question by introducing the appropriate reporting verb. Common reporting verbs include ask, wonder, inquire, or want to know.
3. Change the tense and pronouns: Next, change the tense and pronouns in the reported speech to match the new context. For example, if the original reported speech was in the present tense, you might need to change it to the past tense. Similarly, if the original speech used first-person pronouns (I, we), you would change them to third-person pronouns (he, she, they) in the reported indirect question.
4. Use question word order: In reported indirect questions, we use question word order, which means that the subject comes before the verb. For example, instead of saying "Did he say where he was going?", we would say "He asked where he was going."
5. Adjust adverbs and time expressions: Finally, adjust any adverbs or time expressions to reflect the new context. For example, if the original speech included the word "yesterday," you might need to change it to "the day before" or "the previous day" in the reported indirect question.
Overall, when reporting reported speech in reported indirect questions, it is important to pay attention to tense, pronouns, question word order, and any necessary adjustments to adverbs or time expressions. By following these steps, you can accurately report the original speech in a new context.