What are the manners of articulation for consonants?

The manners of articulation for consonants refer to the different ways in which airflow is obstructed or modified in the vocal tract to produce distinct sounds. There are several manners of articulation for consonants, including:

1. Plosives (or stops): In this manner, airflow is completely blocked and then released, creating a sudden burst of sound. Examples include /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/.

2. Fricatives: In this manner, airflow is partially obstructed, causing friction or turbulence. Examples include /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, and /ʒ/.

3. Affricates: Affricates combine a plosive and a fricative. They begin with a complete blockage of airflow and then release it slowly with friction. Examples include /tʃ/ (as in "church") and /dʒ/ (as in "judge").

4. Nasals: In this manner, airflow is directed through the nasal cavity, while the oral cavity is blocked. Examples include /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/ (as in "sing").

5. Liquids: Liquids involve a partial obstruction of airflow, allowing it to flow smoothly. Examples include /l/ and /r/.

6. Glides: Glides involve a slight obstruction of airflow, creating a quick transition between sounds. Examples include /j/ (as in "yes") and /w/ (as in "we").

7. Approximants: Approximants are similar to glides but involve a more open vocal tract. Examples include /ɹ/ (as in "red") and /ɫ/ (as in "ball").

These manners of articulation, combined with different places of articulation and voicing, contribute to the wide range of consonant sounds found in languages around the world.