What are the rules for changing reported hopes in indirect speech?

The rules for changing reported hopes in indirect speech are as follows:

1. Change the tense: When reporting hopes, the present tense in direct speech is usually changed to the past tense in indirect speech. For example, "I hope I pass the exam" would be reported as "She hoped she would pass the exam."

2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in direct speech are often changed in indirect speech to reflect the perspective of the speaker. For example, "I hope you have a great day" would be reported as "He hoped I would have a great day."

3. Change the adverbs of time and place: If there are any adverbs of time or place in the direct speech, they may need to be changed or omitted in indirect speech. For example, "I hope I can visit you tomorrow" would be reported as "She hoped she could visit me."

4. Use reporting verbs: Introduce the reported hope with an appropriate reporting verb such as "hope," "wish," or "desire." For example, "I hope it stops raining" would be reported as "He expressed his hope that it would stop raining."

5. Use reporting clauses: Use reporting clauses such as "that" or "if" to connect the reported hope to the rest of the sentence. For example, "I hope I can find a job" would be reported as "She hoped that she could find a job."

It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the specific verb used to express hope.