How do you change tenses in indirect speech?

In indirect speech, the tenses are generally shifted back in time. Here are the general rules for changing tenses in indirect speech:

1. Present Simple tense changes to Past Simple tense:
- Direct: "I like ice cream."
- Indirect: She said that she liked ice cream.

2. Present Continuous tense changes to Past Continuous tense:
- Direct: "They are playing football."
- Indirect: He said that they were playing football.

3. Present Perfect tense changes to Past Perfect tense:
- Direct: "She has finished her work."
- Indirect: He said that she had finished her work.

4. Past Simple tense changes to Past Perfect tense:
- Direct: "He said, 'I went to the store.'"
- Indirect: He said that he had gone to the store.

5. Past Continuous tense changes to Past Perfect Continuous tense:
- Direct: "She said, 'I was studying all night.'"
- Indirect: She said that she had been studying all night.

6. Future Simple tense changes to Conditional tense:
- Direct: "He said, 'I will help you.'"
- Indirect: He said that he would help me.

7. Future Continuous tense changes to Conditional Continuous tense:
- Direct: "They said, 'We will be waiting for you.'"
- Indirect: They said that they would be waiting for me.

8. Future Perfect tense changes to Conditional Perfect tense:
- Direct: "She said, 'I will have finished the project by tomorrow.'"
- Indirect: She said that she would have finished the project by the next day.

It is important to note that the reporting verb (e.g., said, told, asked) and the pronouns may also change depending on the context of the sentence.