Explore Medium Answer Questions to deepen your understanding of direct and indirect speech.
Direct speech is a form of reporting speech or conversation exactly as it was spoken, using the speaker's exact words and punctuation. It involves quoting the words of a person directly, without any changes or alterations. In direct speech, the speaker's words are enclosed within quotation marks and are usually introduced by a reporting verb such as "said," "asked," or "told." Direct speech aims to provide an accurate representation of the original speaker's words and is commonly used in storytelling, interviews, and dialogue in literature.
Indirect speech, also known as reported speech, is a way of reporting or conveying someone else's words, thoughts, or ideas without using their exact words. In indirect speech, the speaker usually paraphrases or summarizes the original statement, maintaining the meaning and intention of the speaker. It involves changing the tense, pronouns, and other elements to fit the context of the reporting speech. Indirect speech is commonly used in storytelling, interviews, and conversations to report what someone else has said or to express someone's thoughts or opinions.
Direct speech refers to the exact words spoken by a person, while indirect speech is a way of reporting what someone said without using their exact words. The main differences between direct and indirect speech are as follows:
1. Punctuation: In direct speech, the exact words are enclosed in quotation marks, while in indirect speech, quotation marks are not used.
2. Verb tense and pronoun changes: In direct speech, the verb tense and pronouns are used as per the original speaker's words. In indirect speech, the verb tense and pronouns are often changed to reflect the perspective of the reporting speaker.
3. Reporting verbs: In direct speech, the reporting verb is often "said" or "asked," while in indirect speech, various reporting verbs such as "told," "informed," or "explained" are used to introduce the reported speech.
4. Word order: In direct speech, the word order remains the same as the original speaker's words. In indirect speech, the word order may change to fit the structure of the reporting sentence.
5. Time and place references: In direct speech, time and place references are reported as they were spoken. In indirect speech, time and place references may change to reflect the perspective of the reporting speaker.
Overall, direct speech provides a more immediate and accurate representation of what was said, while indirect speech allows for the reporting of someone's words in a more flexible and summarized manner.
To change a sentence from direct to indirect speech, you need to follow a few steps:
1. Identify the reporting verb: Determine the verb that introduces the reported speech. Common reporting verbs include say, tell, ask, explain, etc.
2. Change the pronouns: Adjust the pronouns in the reported speech to match the subject of the reporting verb. For example, if the reporting verb is "he said," and the direct speech is "I am happy," the indirect speech would be "He said he was happy."
3. Change the tense: Shift the tense of the verb in the reported speech according to the rules of sequence of tenses. Generally, present simple changes to past simple, present continuous changes to past continuous, etc.
4. Change time and place references: Modify any time and place references in the reported speech to reflect the time and place of the reporting verb. For instance, if the direct speech is "I will go tomorrow," and the reporting verb is in the past, the indirect speech would be "He said he would go the next day."
5. Change reporting verbs and expressions: Replace any direct speech verbs or expressions with appropriate reporting verbs or expressions. For example, "I promise" can be changed to "He promised."
6. Punctuate correctly: Use appropriate punctuation, such as quotation marks, commas, and reporting clauses, to indicate the shift from direct to indirect speech.
It is important to note that these steps may vary depending on the specific context and tense of the sentence.
The rules for changing pronouns in indirect speech are as follows:
1. First-person pronouns (I, we) are changed according to the subject of the reporting verb. For example, "I am going to the store" would become "He said he was going to the store."
2. Second-person pronouns (you) are changed to third-person pronouns (he, she, they) according to the subject of the reporting verb. For example, "You should study" would become "He told her she should study."
3. Third-person pronouns (he, she, it, they) remain the same in indirect speech. For example, "She is happy" would become "He said she is happy."
4. Possessive pronouns (my, your, his, her, their) are changed to the possessive pronouns of the same person as the subject of the reporting verb. For example, "This is my book" would become "He said that was his book."
5. Reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, himself, herself, themselves) are changed to the reflexive pronouns of the same person as the subject of the reporting verb. For example, "I hurt myself" would become "He said he hurt himself."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and tense of the reported speech.
We use reporting verbs in indirect speech when we want to report or convey someone else's words or statements without using their exact words. Reporting verbs are used to introduce the reported speech and indicate that the information is being reported from someone else. These verbs can include verbs such as say, tell, ask, explain, mention, suggest, etc. They help to attribute the reported speech to the original speaker and provide context to the reported information.
The common reporting verbs used in indirect speech are:
1. Said
2. Told
3. Asked
4. Advised
5. Warned
6. Suggested
7. Offered
8. Promised
9. Explained
10. Mentioned
11. Informed
12. Requested
13. Ordered
14. Invited
15. Reminded
These verbs are used to report or convey someone's words or thoughts indirectly, without using their exact words.
In indirect speech, the tenses are generally shifted back in time. Here are the general rules for changing tenses in indirect speech:
1. Present Simple tense changes to Past Simple tense:
- Direct: "I like ice cream."
- Indirect: She said that she liked ice cream.
2. Present Continuous tense changes to Past Continuous tense:
- Direct: "They are playing football."
- Indirect: He said that they were playing football.
3. Present Perfect tense changes to Past Perfect tense:
- Direct: "She has finished her work."
- Indirect: He said that she had finished her work.
4. Past Simple tense changes to Past Perfect tense:
- Direct: "He said, 'I went to the store.'"
- Indirect: He said that he had gone to the store.
5. Past Continuous tense changes to Past Perfect Continuous tense:
- Direct: "She said, 'I was studying all night.'"
- Indirect: She said that she had been studying all night.
6. Future Simple tense changes to Conditional tense:
- Direct: "He said, 'I will help you.'"
- Indirect: He said that he would help me.
7. Future Continuous tense changes to Conditional Continuous tense:
- Direct: "They said, 'We will be waiting for you.'"
- Indirect: They said that they would be waiting for me.
8. Future Perfect tense changes to Conditional Perfect tense:
- Direct: "She said, 'I will have finished the project by tomorrow.'"
- Indirect: She said that she would have finished the project by the next day.
It is important to note that the reporting verb (e.g., said, told, asked) and the pronouns may also change depending on the context of the sentence.
The rules for changing time expressions in indirect speech are as follows:
1. If the reporting verb is in the present tense, the time expressions usually remain unchanged.
Example: She said, "I am going to the party tonight." (Direct speech)
She says that she is going to the party tonight. (Indirect speech)
2. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the time expressions are generally shifted back in time.
Example: He said, "I will meet her tomorrow." (Direct speech)
He said that he would meet her the next day. (Indirect speech)
3. If the time expression refers to a specific point in time, it is usually changed to a corresponding expression in the past.
Example: They said, "We saw him yesterday." (Direct speech)
They said that they had seen him the day before. (Indirect speech)
4. If the time expression refers to a period of time, it is usually changed to a corresponding expression in the past.
Example: She said, "I have been working here for two years." (Direct speech)
She said that she had been working there for two years. (Indirect speech)
5. If the time expression is a general statement or a timeless fact, it remains unchanged.
Example: He said, "The sun rises in the east." (Direct speech)
He said that the sun rises in the east. (Indirect speech)
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the specific reporting verb used.
The rules for changing adverbs of place in indirect speech are as follows:
1. If the reporting verb is in the present tense, the adverb of place remains unchanged.
Example: She said, "I live here." → She said that she lives here.
2. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the adverb of place is usually changed to the corresponding adverb of time.
Example: He said, "I will meet you there." → He said that he would meet me then.
3. If the adverb of place refers to a specific location, it may need to be changed to a more general term or omitted altogether.
Example: She said, "I am going to the park." → She said that she was going somewhere.
4. If the adverb of place is a question word, it is usually changed to the corresponding question word in indirect speech.
Example: He asked, "Where are you going?" → He asked where I was going.
5. If the adverb of place is a prepositional phrase, it may need to be changed to a different preposition or omitted depending on the context.
Example: They said, "We are coming from the beach." → They said that they were coming from somewhere.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and tense of the reported speech.
The rules for changing adverbs of time in indirect speech are as follows:
1. If the reporting verb is in the present tense, the adverb of time remains unchanged.
Example: She said, "I will go tomorrow." → She said that she will go tomorrow.
2. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the adverb of time usually changes to the corresponding past form.
Example: He said, "I am leaving today." → He said that he was leaving that day.
3. If the adverb of time refers to a future event, it is usually changed to the corresponding past form.
Example: She said, "I will see you next week." → She said that she would see me the following week.
4. If the adverb of time is a specific point in time, it is usually changed to the corresponding past form.
Example: They said, "We arrived at 8 o'clock." → They said that they had arrived at 8 o'clock.
5. If the adverb of time is a general expression, it remains unchanged.
Example: He said, "I often visit my grandparents." → He said that he often visits his grandparents.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the tense of the reported speech.
When changing modal verbs in indirect speech, there are a few rules to follow.
1. If the reported speech is in the present or future tense, the modal verb remains unchanged. For example:
- Direct speech: "I can swim."
- Indirect speech: He said that he can swim.
2. If the reported speech is in the past tense, the modal verb is changed to its past form. For example:
- Direct speech: "I could swim."
- Indirect speech: He said that he could swim.
3. If the reported speech is in the past tense and the modal verb is already in its past form, it remains unchanged. For example:
- Direct speech: "I might go."
- Indirect speech: He said that he might go.
4. If the reported speech is in the past tense and the modal verb is 'will', it is changed to 'would'. For example:
- Direct speech: "I will help."
- Indirect speech: He said that he would help.
5. If the reported speech is in the past tense and the modal verb is 'shall', it is changed to 'should'. For example:
- Direct speech: "Shall I come?"
- Indirect speech: He asked if he should come.
It is important to note that the reporting verb and the tense of the reported speech also play a role in determining the changes in modal verbs.
The rules for changing imperative sentences in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Remove the verb "said" or any other reporting verb as imperative sentences do not have a reporting verb.
2. Use the reporting verb "ask" or "tell" in the appropriate tense to indicate the indirect speech.
3. Change the imperative verb into an infinitive form.
4. If the imperative sentence has a direct object, include it in the indirect speech.
5. If the imperative sentence has a reflexive pronoun, change it to the appropriate object pronoun in the indirect speech.
6. If the imperative sentence has a negative form, change it to the corresponding negative form in the indirect speech.
7. If the imperative sentence has a modal verb, include it in the indirect speech.
Example:
Direct speech: "Close the door."
Indirect speech: He asked me to close the door.
The rules for changing questions in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the question word: If the original question starts with a question word like "who," "what," "where," "when," "why," or "how," the question word is usually omitted in indirect speech.
2. Change the verb tense: The verb tense in the reported speech is usually changed to reflect the tense of the reporting verb. For example, if the original question is in the present tense, it is changed to the past tense in indirect speech.
3. Change the word order: In indirect speech, the word order of the reported question is changed to a subject-verb-object order, similar to a statement. For example, "Did you eat lunch?" would become "He asked if I had eaten lunch."
4. Use reporting verbs: Introduce the reported question with appropriate reporting verbs such as "ask," "inquire," "wonder," or "want to know."
5. Use appropriate reporting clauses: Use reporting clauses like "if" or "whether" to introduce yes/no questions, and use "wh-" clauses to introduce questions that require more information.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and the reporting verb used.
The main difference between reported statements and reported questions lies in the way they are reported or conveyed in indirect speech.
Reported statements are sentences that convey information or express a fact. When reporting a statement, we usually use reporting verbs such as "said," "told," or "stated." In indirect speech, the reported statement is usually introduced by a reporting verb followed by the conjunction "that." The verb tense may also change depending on the context and the time of the original statement. For example:
Direct speech: "I am going to the store," she said.
Reported speech: She said that she was going to the store.
In this example, the reported statement is conveyed indirectly by using the reporting verb "said" and the conjunction "that." The verb tense changes from present continuous ("am going") to past continuous ("was going") to reflect the change from direct to indirect speech.
On the other hand, reported questions are sentences that convey a question that was asked by someone. When reporting a question, we also use reporting verbs such as "asked," "inquired," or "wondered." In indirect speech, the reported question is usually introduced by a reporting verb followed by the question word or if/whether. The verb tense may also change depending on the context and the time of the original question. For example:
Direct speech: "Where are you going?" he asked.
Reported speech: He asked where I was going.
In this example, the reported question is conveyed indirectly by using the reporting verb "asked" and the question word "where." The verb tense changes from present continuous ("are you going") to past continuous ("I was going") to reflect the change from direct to indirect speech.
In summary, the difference between reported statements and reported questions lies in the type of sentence being reported and the way it is conveyed in indirect speech. Reported statements convey information or facts, while reported questions convey questions that were asked. The reporting verbs, conjunctions, and verb tense may vary depending on the context and the time of the original statement or question.
To change reported questions into indirect speech, there are a few key steps to follow:
1. Remove the question mark and rephrase the question into a statement.
2. Use a reporting verb such as "asked," "inquired," or "wondered" to introduce the reported speech.
3. Change the tense of the verb in the reported speech according to the rules of sequence of tenses.
4. Change the pronouns and possessive adjectives in the reported speech to reflect the perspective of the speaker in the reported speech.
5. If necessary, change time expressions and adverbs of place and time to match the reported speech.
For example, let's consider the reported question: "She asked, 'Where are you going?'"
The indirect speech version would be: She asked where I was going.
In this example, we removed the question mark and rephrased the question into a statement ("Where are you going?" -> "where I was going"). We used the reporting verb "asked" to introduce the reported speech. The tense of the verb "are" was changed to "was" to match the past tense of the reporting verb. The pronoun "you" was changed to "I" to reflect the perspective of the speaker in the reported speech.
The rules for changing reported commands in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the verb form: The verb used in the reported command is changed to the infinitive form (to + base form of the verb). For example, "He said, 'Close the door'" would be reported as "He told me to close the door."
2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in the reported command are changed to reflect the perspective of the reporting speaker. For example, "She said, 'Give me the book'" would be reported as "She asked me to give her the book."
3. Change the time and place references: If the reported command includes specific time or place references, they may need to be adjusted to fit the context of the reporting speech. For example, "He said, 'Meet me here tomorrow'" would be reported as "He asked me to meet him there the next day."
4. Use reporting verbs: Introduce the reported command with an appropriate reporting verb such as "ask," "tell," "order," "command," etc. For example, "She said, 'Do your homework'" would be reported as "She commanded me to do my homework."
5. Use reporting conjunctions: Use reporting conjunctions like "that," "if," or "whether" to introduce the reported command. For example, "He said, 'Please let me know if you need any help'" would be reported as "He requested that I let him know if I needed any help."
It is important to note that the reporting verb and reporting conjunction may vary depending on the intention or attitude of the reporting speaker.
The rules for changing reported requests in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb used to introduce the reported request is usually changed to a verb such as 'ask', 'request', 'tell', or 'order'.
2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in the reported request are usually changed to reflect the perspective of the person reporting the request. For example, 'I' may be changed to 'he', 'she', or 'they'.
3. Change the verb tense: The verb tense used in the reported request is usually shifted back in time. For example, if the original request was in the present tense, it may be changed to the past tense in the reported speech.
4. Change the reporting words: Words indicating the request, such as 'please' or 'could you', are usually omitted or changed to fit the context of the reported speech.
5. Use reporting clauses: Reporting clauses such as 'that', 'if', or 'whether' are often used to introduce the reported request.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and the tense of the original request.
The rules for changing reported offers in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb "offer" is changed to a suitable verb such as "said," "told," or "offered."
2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in the reported offer are changed to reflect the perspective of the person reporting the offer. For example, "I" becomes "he/she," "we" becomes "they," and so on.
3. Change the verb tense: The verb tense used in the reported offer is usually shifted back one tense. For example, if the offer was made in the present tense, it is changed to the past tense in indirect speech.
4. Change time and place references: If there are any time or place references in the reported offer, they may need to be adjusted to match the perspective of the person reporting the offer.
5. Use reporting words: Use reporting words such as "that," "if," or "whether" to introduce the reported offer.
6. Use reporting clauses: Use reporting clauses to indicate that the reported offer is being conveyed indirectly. For example, "He said that he offered to help" or "She told me that she would offer her assistance."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the specific offer being reported.
The rules for changing reported suggestions in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb should be changed to a verb that indicates a suggestion or advice, such as 'suggest', 'advise', 'recommend', etc.
2. Change the pronouns: Pronouns used in the reported suggestion should be changed to reflect the perspective of the person reporting the suggestion. For example, 'you' may change to 'he', 'she', 'they', etc.
3. Change the verb tense: The verb tense used in the reported suggestion should be changed to reflect the appropriate tense in indirect speech. For example, if the original suggestion was in the present tense, it may change to the past tense in indirect speech.
4. Use 'to + infinitive': In indirect speech, the reported suggestion is usually expressed using 'to + infinitive' form of the verb. For example, "He suggested going to the movies" instead of "He said, 'Let's go to the movies'."
5. Use reporting words: Use appropriate reporting words or phrases to introduce the reported suggestion, such as 'He suggested that', 'She advised me to', 'They recommended', etc.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the specific reporting verb used.
The rules for changing reported advice in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb used in direct speech, such as "said" or "told," is replaced with a suitable reporting verb in indirect speech, such as "advised," "suggested," or "recommended."
2. Change the pronouns: Pronouns used in direct speech, such as "you," "me," or "us," are changed according to the subject of the reporting verb in indirect speech. For example, "He advised me to study" would become "He advised him/her/them to study."
3. Change the verb tense: The verb tense used in direct speech is usually shifted back in indirect speech. For example, if the direct speech uses the present tense, it is changed to the past tense in indirect speech. However, if the advice given is still relevant, the present tense can be retained.
4. Change time and place references: Time and place references mentioned in direct speech may need to be changed to reflect the time and place of the reported speech. For example, "She said, 'Come here tomorrow'" would become "She advised him/her/them to go there the next day."
5. Use reporting clauses or phrases: Reporting clauses or phrases, such as "He said that," "She told me that," or "They advised us to," are used to introduce the reported advice in indirect speech.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the specific advice being reported.
The rules for changing reported promises in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the tense: When reporting a promise, the tense of the verb is usually shifted back one tense. For example, if the promise was made in the present tense, it is changed to the past tense in indirect speech.
2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in the reported promise are usually changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker in indirect speech. For example, if the promise was made by the speaker, the pronoun "I" is changed to "he/she" in indirect speech.
3. Change time and place references: If the promise includes specific time or place references, they may need to be adjusted in indirect speech to reflect the new context.
4. Use reporting verbs: Introduce the reported promise with an appropriate reporting verb such as "promise," "assure," "guarantee," or "pledge." This helps to indicate that the statement is a reported promise rather than a direct quote.
5. Use reporting clauses: Use reporting clauses such as "he/she said," "he/she told me," or "he/she mentioned" to introduce the reported promise. This helps to clearly indicate that the statement is being reported rather than directly quoted.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and the tense of the original promise.
The rules for changing reported threats in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the tense: In indirect speech, the tense of the reported threat is usually shifted back one tense. For example, if the threat was originally in the present tense, it would be changed to the past tense in indirect speech.
2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in the reported threat may need to be changed to reflect the perspective of the person reporting it. For example, if the threat was originally directed at "you," it may be changed to "he/she" or "they" in indirect speech.
3. Change the adverbs of time and place: If the original threat included specific adverbs of time or place, they may need to be adjusted or omitted in indirect speech, depending on the context.
4. Use reporting verbs: Introduce the reported threat with an appropriate reporting verb such as "threatened," "warned," or "promised." This helps to indicate that the statement is being reported rather than directly quoted.
5. Use reporting clauses: Use reporting clauses such as "he said," "she told me," or "they claimed" to introduce the reported threat. This helps to clearly indicate that the statement is being reported.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and the tense of the original threat. It is always advisable to carefully consider the context and the intended meaning while converting reported threats into indirect speech.
The rules for changing reported apologies in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb "apologize" is changed to a verb that indicates reporting, such as "said," "told," or "explained."
2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in the reported apology are changed to reflect the perspective of the reporter. For example, "I" becomes "he/she," "we" becomes "they," and so on.
3. Change the tense: The tense of the reported apology is usually shifted back one tense. For example, if the original apology was in the present tense, it is changed to the past tense in indirect speech.
4. Change time and place references: If the original apology mentioned specific time or place references, they may need to be adjusted or omitted in indirect speech, depending on the context.
5. Use reporting words or phrases: Use appropriate reporting words or phrases to introduce the reported apology, such as "He/she apologized for," "He/she said sorry for," or "He/she expressed regret for."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and the tense of the original apology.
The rules for changing reported invitations in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb "said" is commonly used to report invitations. However, other verbs like "asked," "requested," or "invited" can also be used depending on the context.
2. Change the tense: In indirect speech, the tense of the reported invitation is usually shifted back one tense. For example, if the original invitation was in the present tense, it would be changed to the past tense in indirect speech.
3. Change pronouns and possessive adjectives: Pronouns and possessive adjectives in the reported invitation are changed to reflect the perspective of the reporter. For example, "Come to my party!" would be changed to "He/she invited me to his/her party."
4. Change time and place expressions: Time and place expressions in the reported invitation may need to be adjusted to reflect the new context. For example, "Come over tomorrow" would be changed to "He/she invited me to go to his/her place the next day."
5. Use reporting clauses or phrases: Reporting clauses or phrases such as "He/she said that," "He/she asked if," or "He/she invited me to" are used to introduce the reported invitation.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and the tense of the original invitation.
The rules for changing reported refusals in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb should be changed to a verb that indicates refusal, such as "refuse," "decline," or "deny."
2. Change the pronouns: Pronouns in the reported refusal should be changed to reflect the perspective of the person reporting the refusal. For example, "I" becomes "he/she," "we" becomes "they," and so on.
3. Change the verb tense: The verb tense in the reported refusal should be shifted back in time. For example, if the original refusal was in the present tense, it should be changed to the past tense in indirect speech.
4. Change time and place references: If there are any time or place references in the reported refusal, they should be adjusted to fit the context of the reporting speech.
5. Use reporting words or phrases: Use appropriate reporting words or phrases to introduce the reported refusal, such as "He/she refused to," "They declined to," or "He/she said no to."
It is important to note that the exact changes may vary depending on the specific context and tense of the original refusal.
The rules for changing reported agreements in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb should be changed to a verb that indicates agreement, such as "agree," "consent," "accept," etc.
2. Change the pronouns: Pronouns used in the reported speech should be changed to reflect the perspective of the person agreeing. For example, if the original statement was "I agree," it would be changed to "He/she agrees."
3. Change the tense: The tense of the verb in the reported speech should be changed to reflect the time of the agreement. For example, if the original statement was in the present tense, it would be changed to the past tense in reported speech.
4. Change time and place references: If there are any time or place references in the original statement, they should be adjusted to fit the context of the reported speech.
5. Use reporting words: Use reporting words or phrases such as "said," "told," "mentioned," etc., to introduce the reported speech.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and tense of the original statement.
The rules for changing reported disagreements in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb should be changed to a verb that indicates disagreement, such as "argue," "disagree," or "object."
2. Change the pronouns: Pronouns should be changed to reflect the perspective of the person expressing disagreement. For example, if the original statement was "I don't agree," it would be changed to "He/she didn't agree."
3. Change the tense: The tense of the reported speech should be changed to reflect the time of the original statement. For example, if the original statement was in the present tense, it would be changed to the past tense in indirect speech.
4. Change the adverbs and expressions of time and place: Adverbs and expressions of time and place should be adjusted to reflect the context of the reported disagreement.
5. Use reporting clauses: Reporting clauses such as "he/she said," "he/she argued," or "he/she disagreed" should be used to introduce the reported disagreement.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and the tense of the original statement.
The rules for changing reported opinions in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the pronouns: In indirect speech, the pronouns used in the reported opinion are changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker. For example, "I think the movie is great" would be changed to "He/she said that he/she thought the movie was great."
2. Change the verb tense: The verb tense used in the reported opinion is usually shifted back one tense. For example, "I like this book" would be changed to "He/she said that he/she liked that book."
3. Change adverbs and adjectives: Adverbs and adjectives used in the reported opinion may need to be changed to reflect the speaker's perspective. For example, "She said it was very difficult" would be changed to "He/she said it was quite challenging."
4. Change time and place references: Time and place references in the reported opinion may need to be adjusted to match the perspective of the speaker. For example, "They said they were going to the park tomorrow" would be changed to "He/she said they were going to the park the next day."
5. Use reporting verbs: Reporting verbs such as "say," "tell," "mention," etc., are used to introduce the reported opinion. These verbs are followed by a reporting clause that contains the reported opinion. For example, "He told me, 'I don't like this song'" would be changed to "He told me that he didn't like that song."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the tense of the reported opinion.
The rules for changing reported beliefs in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the pronouns: In indirect speech, the pronouns used to refer to the speaker's beliefs are changed according to the subject of the reporting verb. For example, if the speaker says, "I believe that..." in direct speech, it would be changed to "He/she believes that..." in indirect speech.
2. Change the verb tense: The verb tense used in reported beliefs is usually shifted back one tense in indirect speech. For example, if the speaker says, "I believe it will rain tomorrow" in direct speech, it would be changed to "He/she believed it would rain tomorrow" in indirect speech.
3. Change the adverbs of time and place: Adverbs of time and place used in reported beliefs are usually changed to reflect the time and place of the reporting verb. For example, if the speaker says, "I believe she is here now" in direct speech, it would be changed to "He/she believed she was there then" in indirect speech.
4. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb used to introduce the reported beliefs can be changed to verbs like "believe," "think," "consider," etc., depending on the context and the speaker's intention.
5. Use reporting clauses: In indirect speech, it is common to use reporting clauses such as "he/she said," "he/she told me," "he/she thought," etc., to introduce the reported beliefs.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and the tense of the reported beliefs.
The rules for changing reported intentions in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Use a reporting verb: Begin the reported speech with a reporting verb such as 'say', 'tell', 'ask', etc.
2. Change the pronouns: Change the pronouns in the reported speech to reflect the perspective of the speaker in the original statement. For example, if the original statement says "I will go to the party," in reported speech it would be changed to "He/she said he/she would go to the party."
3. Change the tense: Shift the tense of the verb in the reported speech according to the rules of sequence of tenses. For example, if the original statement says "I am going to visit my parents," in reported speech it would be changed to "He/she said he/she was going to visit his/her parents."
4. Change time and place references: Adjust any time and place references in the reported speech to match the perspective of the speaker in the original statement. For example, if the original statement says "I will meet you tomorrow at 5 pm," in reported speech it would be changed to "He/she said he/she would meet me the next day at 5 pm."
5. Use reporting verbs appropriately: Use reporting verbs like 'promise', 'intend', 'plan', etc., to accurately convey the intention expressed in the original statement. For example, if the original statement says "I promise to help you," in reported speech it would be changed to "He/she promised to help me."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the specific intention being reported.
The rules for changing reported desires in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Use a reporting verb such as 'wish', 'want', 'desire', or 'hope' to introduce the reported desire.
2. Change the tense of the reporting verb to match the tense of the original desire. For example, if the original desire is in the present tense, use the reporting verb in the present tense.
3. Change the pronouns and possessive adjectives to reflect the perspective of the person expressing the desire. For example, if the original desire is "I want a new car," and the reported desire is from the perspective of someone else, it would be changed to "He/she wants a new car."
4. If the reported desire is in the past tense, use the past perfect tense to indicate that the desire was expressed before the reporting verb. For example, "She said she had wanted a new car."
5. Use reporting verbs like 'ask', 'inquire', or 'wonder' to report indirect questions expressing desires. For example, "He asked if she wanted a new car."
It is important to note that the rules may vary depending on the specific context and tense of the reported desire.
The rules for changing reported hopes in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the tense: When reporting hopes, the present tense in direct speech is usually changed to the past tense in indirect speech. For example, "I hope I pass the exam" would be reported as "She hoped she would pass the exam."
2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in direct speech are often changed in indirect speech to reflect the perspective of the speaker. For example, "I hope you have a great day" would be reported as "He hoped I would have a great day."
3. Change the adverbs of time and place: If there are any adverbs of time or place in the direct speech, they may need to be changed or omitted in indirect speech. For example, "I hope I can visit you tomorrow" would be reported as "She hoped she could visit me."
4. Use reporting verbs: Introduce the reported hope with an appropriate reporting verb such as "hope," "wish," or "desire." For example, "I hope it stops raining" would be reported as "He expressed his hope that it would stop raining."
5. Use reporting clauses: Use reporting clauses such as "that" or "if" to connect the reported hope to the rest of the sentence. For example, "I hope I can find a job" would be reported as "She hoped that she could find a job."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the specific verb used to express hope.
The rules for changing reported fears in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the tense: When reporting fears, the tense of the verb is usually changed to the past tense. For example, if the direct speech is "I am afraid of spiders," the indirect speech would be "He said he was afraid of spiders."
2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in the reported fear may need to be changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker. For example, if the direct speech is "She is scared of heights," the indirect speech would be "He said she was scared of heights."
3. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb used to introduce the reported fear may need to be changed to a more appropriate verb such as "said," "told," or "expressed." For example, if the direct speech is "They fear failure," the indirect speech would be "He said they feared failure."
4. Use reporting words: In some cases, reporting words such as "that" or "if" may need to be added to make the reported fear grammatically correct. For example, if the direct speech is "I am afraid I will fail the exam," the indirect speech would be "He said he was afraid that he would fail the exam."
5. Change adverbs and adjectives: Adverbs and adjectives used to describe the fear may need to be changed to reflect the past tense. For example, if the direct speech is "He is extremely afraid of snakes," the indirect speech would be "She said he was extremely afraid of snakes."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the specific fear being reported.
The rules for changing reported doubts in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb used to introduce the reported doubt is usually changed to a verb that indicates doubt or uncertainty, such as 'doubt,' 'wonder,' 'question,' etc.
2. Change the pronouns: Pronouns used in the reported doubt may need to be changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker in the indirect speech. For example, 'I' may change to 'he/she,' 'we' may change to 'they,' etc.
3. Change the tense: The tense of the verb in the reported doubt may need to be changed to reflect the time of the reported speech. For example, if the reported doubt was expressed in the present tense, it may need to be changed to the past tense in indirect speech.
4. Change the adverbs of time and place: Adverbs of time and place used in the reported doubt may need to be changed to reflect the time and place of the reported speech.
5. Use reporting clauses: Use reporting clauses such as 'he/she said,' 'he/she asked,' 'he/she wondered,' etc., to introduce the reported doubt.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and tense of the reported doubt.
The rules for changing reported certainties in indirect speech are as follows:
1. If the original statement is certain or affirmative, we use the reporting verb "said" or "told" followed by the reporting clause without any changes. For example:
- Direct speech: "I am going to the party tonight," she said.
- Indirect speech: She said that she was going to the party tonight.
2. If the original statement is uncertain or negative, we use the reporting verb "said" or "told" followed by the reporting clause with certain changes. These changes include:
- Changing the tense of the verb: Present simple becomes past simple, present continuous becomes past continuous, etc.
- Changing pronouns and possessive adjectives to match the subject of the reporting clause.
- Changing time and place expressions to reflect the time and place of the reporting clause.
For example:
- Direct speech: "I don't think I can make it to the meeting," he said.
- Indirect speech: He said that he didn't think he could make it to the meeting.
3. If the original statement expresses a future certainty, we use the reporting verb "said" or "told" followed by the reporting clause with certain changes. These changes include:
- Changing the future tense to the corresponding past tense.
- Changing time and place expressions to reflect the time and place of the reporting clause.
For example:
- Direct speech: "I will definitely finish the project by tomorrow," she said.
- Indirect speech: She said that she would definitely finish the project by the next day.
It is important to note that when changing reported certainties in indirect speech, we need to pay attention to the changes in verb tense, pronouns, possessive adjectives, and time/place expressions to accurately convey the original statement.
The rules for changing reported possibilities in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Reporting verbs: The reporting verb used to introduce the reported possibilities is usually changed to a verb that indicates possibility or uncertainty, such as "might," "could," "may," "possibly," etc.
2. Tense changes: The tense of the verb in the reported speech is usually shifted back one tense. For example, if the original statement was in the present tense, it would be changed to the past tense in indirect speech.
3. Modal verbs: Modal verbs like "can," "could," "may," "might," etc., are usually changed to their corresponding past forms in indirect speech. For example, "He said, 'I can do it'" would be changed to "He said that he could do it."
4. Reporting words: Words indicating possibility or uncertainty, such as "possible," "likely," "probably," etc., are often added to the reported speech to convey the original meaning accurately.
5. Pronoun changes: Pronouns in the reported speech may need to be changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker in indirect speech. For example, "She said, 'I might go'" would be changed to "She said that she might go."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the specific reporting verb used.
The rules for changing reported probabilities in indirect speech are as follows:
1. If the reported statement expresses a certainty or a fact, the probability remains unchanged in indirect speech. For example, if someone says, "I am certain that it will rain tomorrow," in indirect speech, it would be reported as, "He/she said that he/she was certain that it would rain tomorrow."
2. If the reported statement expresses a possibility or uncertainty, the probability is usually changed to reflect the speaker's perspective. For example, if someone says, "It might snow tonight," in indirect speech, it would be reported as, "He/she said that it might snow tonight."
3. If the reported statement expresses a future event, the probability is usually changed to reflect the speaker's perspective. For example, if someone says, "I will probably go to the party tomorrow," in indirect speech, it would be reported as, "He/she said that he/she would probably go to the party the next day."
4. If the reported statement expresses a past event, the probability remains unchanged in indirect speech. For example, if someone says, "I was probably late for the meeting yesterday," in indirect speech, it would be reported as, "He/she said that he/she was probably late for the meeting the previous day."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the specific reporting verb used.
The rules for changing reported obligations in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb used in the direct speech should be changed to a suitable reporting verb in the indirect speech. For example, "must" can be changed to "had to" or "was/were supposed to."
2. Change the pronouns: Pronouns used in the direct speech should be changed according to the subject of the reporting verb in the indirect speech. For example, "I must go" can be changed to "He said he had to go."
3. Change the tense: The tense of the verb in the reported obligation should be changed according to the rules of sequence of tenses. For example, "I must go" can be changed to "He said he had to go."
4. Change the adverbs of time and place: Adverbs of time and place used in the direct speech should be changed according to the context of the indirect speech. For example, "I must go now" can be changed to "He said he had to go then."
5. Change the modal verbs: Modal verbs used in the direct speech should be changed according to the context of the indirect speech. For example, "You must do it" can be changed to "He said I had to do it."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and tense of the reported obligation.
The rules for changing reported permissions in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb should be changed to a verb that indicates permission, such as "allow," "permit," or "give permission."
2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in the reported speech should be changed to reflect the perspective of the person giving the permission. For example, if the original statement was "He said, 'You can go,'" the reported speech could be "He allowed me to go."
3. Change the verb tense: The verb tense in the reported speech should be changed to reflect the time of the original statement. For example, if the original statement was in the present tense, the reported speech should also be in the present tense.
4. Use the word "to" before the verb: In reported speech, the word "to" is used before the verb that indicates permission. For example, "He said, 'You can go'" would be reported as "He gave me permission to go."
5. Use reporting words or phrases: It is common to use reporting words or phrases such as "said," "told," "asked," or "informed" to introduce the reported speech. For example, "He said, 'You can go'" could be reported as "He told me that I could go."
By following these rules, you can accurately report permissions in indirect speech.
The rules for changing reported prohibitions in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb should be changed to a verb that indicates prohibition or a similar meaning, such as "forbid," "prohibit," "ban," or "not allow."
2. Change the tense: If the reported prohibition is in the present tense, it should be changed to the past tense in indirect speech. For example, "He said, 'Don't touch that!' " would be changed to "He said that we shouldn't touch that."
3. Change the pronouns: Pronouns should be changed to reflect the perspective of the reported speech. For example, "She said, 'You must not enter the restricted area!' " would be changed to "She said that I must not enter the restricted area."
4. Change time and place references: If there are any time or place references in the reported prohibition, they should be adjusted to fit the context of the indirect speech. For example, "They said, 'You can't smoke here.'" would be changed to "They said that we couldn't smoke there."
5. Use reporting clauses: It is common to use reporting clauses such as "He told me," "She said," or "They informed us" to introduce the reported prohibition in indirect speech.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and tense of the reported speech.
The rules for changing reported abilities in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb should be changed to a verb that indicates the ability or inability of the speaker. For example, "can" can be changed to "could," "able to," or "was/were able to."
2. Change the pronouns: Pronouns should be changed to reflect the perspective of the reported speaker. For example, "I can swim" would be changed to "He/she could swim."
3. Change the tense: The tense of the reported verb should be changed to reflect the time of the reported speech. For example, "I can swim" (present tense) would be changed to "He/she said he/she could swim" (past tense).
4. Change the adverbs of time and place: Adverbs of time and place should be changed to reflect the reported speech. For example, "I can swim here" would be changed to "He/she said he/she could swim there."
5. Use reporting verbs like "say," "tell," or "ask": These verbs are commonly used to introduce reported speech and should be used to indicate that the reported abilities are being conveyed.
It is important to note that the rules may vary depending on the specific context and tense of the reported speech.
The rules for changing reported preferences in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb should be changed to a verb that indicates preference or liking, such as "prefer," "like," "enjoy," etc.
2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in the reported speech should be changed to reflect the subject of the reporting verb. For example, if the original statement was "I prefer coffee," it would be changed to "He/she prefers coffee" in indirect speech.
3. Change the tense: The tense of the verb in the reported speech should be changed to reflect the time of the original statement. For example, if the original statement was in the present tense, it would be changed to the past tense in indirect speech.
4. Change time and place references: If the original statement mentioned specific time or place references, they should be adjusted accordingly in indirect speech. For example, if the original statement was "I prefer to drink coffee in the morning," it would be changed to "He/she prefers to drink coffee in the morning" in indirect speech.
5. Use reporting words or phrases: Use appropriate reporting words or phrases to introduce the reported speech, such as "He/she said that," "He/she mentioned that," etc.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the specific preferences being reported.
The rules for changing reported regrets in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the tense: The verb expressing regret in the direct speech is usually changed to the past tense in the indirect speech. For example, "I wish I could go" changes to "He said he wished he could go."
2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in the direct speech are usually changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker in the indirect speech. For example, "I regret not studying harder" changes to "She said she regretted not studying harder."
3. Change the adverbs of time and place: If there are any adverbs of time or place in the direct speech, they may need to be changed to reflect the new context in the indirect speech. For example, "I wish I could have gone yesterday" changes to "He said he wished he could have gone the day before."
4. Use reporting verbs: Introduce the reported regret with appropriate reporting verbs such as "said," "told," "explained," etc. For example, "I regret not taking the job" changes to "She explained that she regretted not taking the job."
5. Use reporting clauses: Use reporting clauses such as "that," "if," or "whether" to introduce the reported regret. For example, "I wish I had studied more" changes to "He said that he wished he had studied more."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and tense of the reported regret.
The rules for changing reported surprises in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Use reporting verbs such as "said," "told," or "informed" to introduce the reported speech.
2. Change the tense of the verb in the reported speech to reflect the time of the reporting verb. For example, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verb in the reported speech should also be in the past tense.
3. Change pronouns and possessive adjectives to reflect the perspective of the reported speaker. For example, if the reported speaker said, "I am surprised," it would be changed to "He/she was surprised" in indirect speech.
4. Change time and place expressions if necessary. For example, if the reported speaker said, "I was surprised yesterday," it would be changed to "He/she said he/she had been surprised the day before."
5. Use reporting verbs like "exclaimed," "cried out," or "wondered" to convey the surprise or emotion expressed by the reported speaker.
6. Use appropriate punctuation and quotation marks to indicate the reported speech within the indirect speech.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and tense of the reported speech.
The rules for changing reported successes in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the tense: When reporting a success, the tense of the verb is usually changed to the past tense. For example, if the direct speech is "I have won the competition," it would be changed to "He said he had won the competition."
2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in the reported speech are usually changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker. For example, if the direct speech is "We have achieved our goal," it would be changed to "They said they had achieved their goal."
3. Change time and place references: If there are any specific time or place references in the direct speech, they may need to be adjusted in the reported speech to reflect the time and place of the reporting. For example, if the direct speech is "I will meet you tomorrow," it would be changed to "He said he would meet me the next day."
4. Change adverbs and adjectives: Adverbs and adjectives used in the direct speech may need to be adjusted in the reported speech to maintain accuracy. For example, if the direct speech is "She said, 'I am extremely happy,'" it would be changed to "She said she was very happy."
5. Use reporting verbs: Introduce the reported speech with appropriate reporting verbs such as "said," "told," "informed," etc. For example, "He said, 'I passed the exam'" would be changed to "He informed me that he had passed the exam."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the specific reporting verb used.
The rules for changing reported failures in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the tense: When reporting a failure, the tense of the verb is usually changed to the past tense. For example, if the original statement was "I fail the exam," it would be changed to "He said he failed the exam."
2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in the reported failure are usually changed to reflect the perspective of the person reporting it. For example, if the original statement was "She failed the project," it would be changed to "He said she had failed the project."
3. Change time and place references: If the original statement includes specific time or place references, they may need to be adjusted to fit the context of the reported speech. For example, if the original statement was "They failed the test yesterday," it would be changed to "He said they had failed the test the day before."
4. Use reporting verbs: Introduce the reported failure with appropriate reporting verbs such as "said," "told," "informed," or "stated." For example, "She said she failed the exam."
5. Use reporting clauses: Use reporting clauses to introduce the reported failure, such as "He admitted that he failed the project" or "She claimed that she failed the test."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and the tense of the original statement.
The rules for changing reported achievements in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the tense: When reporting an achievement, the tense of the verb is usually changed to the past tense. For example, if the direct speech is "I have won the competition," the indirect speech would be "He said that he had won the competition."
2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in the reported speech are usually changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker. For example, if the direct speech is "She has completed the project," the indirect speech would be "He said that she had completed the project."
3. Change time and place references: If there are any time or place references in the direct speech, they may need to be adjusted in the indirect speech to reflect the perspective of the speaker. For example, if the direct speech is "We will meet tomorrow," the indirect speech would be "They said that they would meet the next day."
4. Change adverbs and adjectives: Adverbs and adjectives used in the direct speech may need to be adjusted in the indirect speech to reflect the perspective of the speaker. For example, if the direct speech is "It was an amazing performance," the indirect speech would be "He said that it had been an amazing performance."
5. Maintain the meaning: While changing the reported speech, it is important to maintain the meaning and intention of the original statement. The reported speech should accurately convey the message of the speaker.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the specific situation.
The rules for changing reported disappointments in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the tense: When reporting a disappointment, the tense of the verb is usually shifted back one tense. For example, if the original statement was in the present tense, it would be changed to the past tense in indirect speech.
2. Change pronouns and possessive adjectives: Pronouns and possessive adjectives are usually changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker in indirect speech. For example, "I" would be changed to "he/she" or "my" would be changed to "his/her".
3. Change adverbs of time and place: Adverbs of time and place are usually changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker in indirect speech. For example, "today" would be changed to "that day" or "here" would be changed to "there".
4. Use reporting verbs: Introduce the reported disappointment with appropriate reporting verbs such as "said", "told", "explained", etc. These verbs help to indicate that the statement is being reported and not directly quoted.
5. Use reporting clauses: Use reporting clauses to introduce the reported disappointment. For example, "He said that..." or "She told me that...".
6. Use conjunctions: Use appropriate conjunctions to connect the reported disappointment to the rest of the sentence. Common conjunctions used in indirect speech include "that", "if", "whether", etc.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and the tense of the original statement.
The rules for changing reported joys in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the tense: When reporting someone's joy, we usually change the tense of the verb to reflect the past. For example, if the person said, "I am so happy," in direct speech, it would be reported as "He/she said that he/she was so happy" in indirect speech.
2. Change the pronouns: In indirect speech, we often need to change the pronouns to match the subject of the reporting verb. For instance, if the person said, "We are thrilled," in direct speech, it would be reported as "They said that they were thrilled" in indirect speech.
3. Change the adverbs and adjectives: If there are any adverbs or adjectives used to describe the joy, they may need to be changed to reflect the reported speech. For example, if the person said, "It's absolutely amazing," in direct speech, it would be reported as "He/she said that it was absolutely amazing" in indirect speech.
4. Use reporting verbs: Introduce the reported joy with appropriate reporting verbs such as "said," "told," "exclaimed," etc. For instance, if the person said, "I am overjoyed," in direct speech, it would be reported as "He/she exclaimed that he/she was overjoyed" in indirect speech.
5. Maintain the meaning: While changing reported joys into indirect speech, it is important to maintain the meaning and essence of the original statement. Paraphrasing may be required to achieve this.
Remember to apply these rules while converting reported joys from direct speech to indirect speech to accurately convey the speaker's emotions and expressions.
The rules for changing reported sorrows in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the pronouns: In indirect speech, the pronouns used in reported sorrows are changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker. For example, if the original statement was "I am sad," it would be changed to "He/she said that he/she was sad."
2. Change the verb tense: The verb tense used in reported sorrows is usually shifted back one tense. For example, if the original statement was "I am sad," it would be changed to "He/she said that he/she was sad."
3. Change time and place references: Any time or place references in the reported sorrows should be adjusted to fit the perspective of the speaker. For example, if the original statement was "I am sad today," it would be changed to "He/she said that he/she was sad that day."
4. Use reporting verbs: Introduce the reported sorrows with appropriate reporting verbs such as "said," "told," "explained," etc. For example, "He/she said that he/she was sad."
5. Use reporting clauses: Use reporting clauses to introduce the reported sorrows, such as "He/she said that," "He/she told me that," etc. For example, "He/she told me that he/she was sad."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the tense of the original statement.
The rules for changing reported verbs in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the tense of the verb: In indirect speech, the tense of the reported verb is usually shifted back one tense. For example, if the original sentence has a present tense verb, it is changed to past tense in indirect speech.
2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in the reported speech are usually changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker in indirect speech. For example, "I" becomes "he/she" and "you" becomes "they" or the appropriate third-person pronoun.
3. Change time and place references: If the original sentence includes specific time or place references, they may need to be adjusted in indirect speech to reflect the perspective of the speaker. For example, "today" may become "that day" or "here" may become "there."
4. Change adverbs and adverbial phrases: Adverbs and adverbial phrases used in the reported speech may need to be adjusted in indirect speech to reflect the perspective of the speaker. For example, "now" may become "then" or "yesterday" may become "the day before."
5. Use reporting verbs: In indirect speech, reporting verbs such as "said," "told," "asked," etc., are used to introduce the reported speech. These reporting verbs can be adjusted based on the context and the speaker's intention.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the specific context and the tense of the reported speech. It is always advisable to consider the overall meaning and intention of the original sentence while converting it into indirect speech.
The rules for changing reported hates in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the tense: When reporting someone's hate in indirect speech, the tense of the verb is usually shifted back one tense. For example, if the original statement is "I hate spiders," in indirect speech it would be reported as "He/she said that he/she hated spiders."
2. Change the pronouns: The pronouns used in the reported hate should be changed to reflect the perspective of the person reporting it. For example, if the original statement is "We hate Mondays," in indirect speech it would be reported as "They said that they hated Mondays."
3. Change the adverb of time and place: If the original statement includes an adverb of time or place, it should be adjusted accordingly in indirect speech. For example, if the original statement is "She hates going to the dentist tomorrow," in indirect speech it would be reported as "He/she said that she hated going to the dentist the next day."
4. Use reporting verbs: Introduce the reported hate with appropriate reporting verbs such as "said," "told," "mentioned," etc. For example, "He said that he hated his job."
5. Use conjunctions: Use conjunctions like "that" to introduce the reported hate. For example, "She mentioned that she hated broccoli."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the tense of the original statement.
The rules for changing reported likes in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the reporting verb: The verb "like" is usually changed to "liked" or "enjoyed" in the past tense when reporting someone's likes in indirect speech.
2. Change the pronouns: Pronouns referring to the person who expressed the likes are changed according to the subject of the reporting clause. For example, "I like ice cream" would be reported as "He/she liked ice cream."
3. Change the tense: If the reported speech is in the present tense, it is usually changed to the past tense in indirect speech. For example, "I like ice cream" would be reported as "He/she liked ice cream."
4. Use reporting words: Use reporting words like "said," "told," "mentioned," etc., to introduce the reported speech.
5. Use reporting clauses: Use reporting clauses like "that," "if," or "whether" to introduce the reported speech.
6. Use indirect questions: If the reported speech is in the form of a question, it is changed to an indirect question. For example, "Do you like ice cream?" would be reported as "He/she asked if I liked ice cream."
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the tense of the reported speech.
The rules for changing reported dislikes in indirect speech are as follows:
1. Change the reporting verb: The reporting verb should be changed to a verb that indicates dislike or a similar sentiment. For example, "dislike," "hate," "can't stand," etc.
2. Change the pronouns: Pronouns used in the reported speech should be changed to reflect the perspective of the speaker in the indirect speech. For example, "I" becomes "he/she," "we" becomes "they," etc.
3. Change the tense: The tense of the verb used in the reported speech should be changed to reflect the time of the original statement. For example, present tense becomes past tense, past tense becomes past perfect tense, etc.
4. Change the adverbs of time and place: Adverbs of time and place used in the reported speech should be changed to reflect the time and place of the original statement. For example, "today" becomes "that day," "here" becomes "there," etc.
5. Use reporting clauses: Reporting clauses such as "he/she said," "he/she told me," etc., should be used to introduce the reported speech.
It is important to note that these rules may vary depending on the context and the specific requirements of the exam or task.