What are the rules for changing adjectives and adjectival phrases in reported speech?

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What are the rules for changing adjectives and adjectival phrases in reported speech?

When it comes to changing adjectives and adjectival phrases in reported speech, there are a few rules to keep in mind. These rules help maintain the accuracy and clarity of the reported speech while reflecting the speaker's original intention. Here are the key guidelines:

1. No Change: If the adjective or adjectival phrase expresses a general truth or a fact, there is usually no need to change it. For example:
Direct Speech: She said, "The sun is hot."
Reported Speech: She said that the sun is hot.

2. Change of Pronouns and Time References: When reporting someone's words, it is essential to adjust the pronouns and time references to match the new context. For example:
Direct Speech: He said, "I am happy."
Reported Speech: He said that he was happy.

3. Change of Tense: In reported speech, the tense of the verb often changes to reflect the time shift. Similarly, the adjectives and adjectival phrases should also be adjusted accordingly. For example:
Direct Speech: She said, "I am tired."
Reported Speech: She said that she was tired.

4. Change of Degree: If the adjective or adjectival phrase expresses a degree or comparison, it may need to be modified in reported speech. Here are a few scenarios:

- Comparative Degree: If the adjective is in the comparative degree, it usually remains the same. For example:
Direct Speech: He said, "She is taller than me."
Reported Speech: He said that she is taller than him.

- Superlative Degree: If the adjective is in the superlative degree, it also remains unchanged. For example:
Direct Speech: She said, "It is the most beautiful place."
Reported Speech: She said that it is the most beautiful place.

- Intensifiers: Adjectives modified by intensifiers like "very," "extremely," or "so" may need to be adjusted to maintain the same level of intensity. For example:
Direct Speech: He said, "It is very cold outside."
Reported Speech: He said that it was extremely cold outside.

5. Reporting Verbs: The choice of reporting verbs can also influence the way adjectives and adjectival phrases are changed. For instance, if the reporting verb implies doubt or uncertainty, the adjectives may be modified to reflect this. Similarly, if the reporting verb indicates a strong opinion, the adjectives may be adjusted accordingly.

It is important to note that these rules are not set in stone and may vary depending on the context and the speaker's intention. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the overall meaning and effect while changing adjectives and adjectival phrases in reported speech.