Provide examples of supporting services.

Supporting services are the fundamental processes and functions that enable other ecosystem services to occur. Examples of supporting services include:

1. Nutrient cycling: This refers to the process of recycling and transferring nutrients within an ecosystem. For example, decomposers break down organic matter, releasing nutrients back into the soil for plants to use.

2. Soil formation: Ecosystems play a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of soil. Through weathering and the accumulation of organic matter, soil is created, providing a medium for plant growth and nutrient storage.

3. Primary production: This refers to the process by which plants and other photosynthetic organisms convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into organic matter through photosynthesis. Primary production forms the basis of energy flow in ecosystems and supports the growth of other organisms.

4. Pollination: Many plants rely on pollinators, such as bees, butterflies, and birds, to transfer pollen between flowers, enabling fertilization and the production of seeds and fruits. Pollination is essential for the reproduction and diversity of plant species.

5. Water purification: Ecosystems, such as wetlands and forests, can act as natural filters, removing pollutants and impurities from water. This purification process helps maintain water quality and supports the availability of clean water for human and ecological needs.

6. Climate regulation: Ecosystems, particularly forests, play a crucial role in regulating climate by absorbing carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and storing it in biomass. They also release oxygen and influence local temperature and precipitation patterns.

These examples illustrate the importance of supporting services in maintaining the overall functioning and resilience of ecosystems, which in turn provide various benefits to human well-being.