Economics World Bank Study Cards

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Microeconomics

The branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of limited resources.

Macroeconomics

The branch of economics that studies the behavior of the economy as a whole, including topics such as inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.

Supply and Demand

The fundamental concept in economics that describes the relationship between the quantity of a product that producers are willing to sell and the quantity that consumers are willing to buy at a given price.

Market Structures

The different types of market organization in which firms operate, including perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, usually a year.

Inflation

A sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.

Unemployment

The state of being without a job, often measured as a percentage of the labor force.

Fiscal Policy

The use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy, particularly in relation to aggregate demand, employment, and inflation.

Monetary Policy

The use of interest rates, money supply, and other monetary tools by a central bank to control inflation, stabilize prices, and promote economic growth.

International Trade

The exchange of goods and services between countries, typically through imports and exports.

Development Economics

The branch of economics that focuses on improving the economic well-being and quality of life for people in developing countries.

Economic Growth

An increase in the production of goods and services in an economy over a specific period of time, often measured as a percentage change in real GDP.

Poverty and Inequality

The state of being extremely poor and the unequal distribution of wealth and resources within a society.

Environmental Economics

The branch of economics that studies the economic impact of environmental policies and the sustainable use of natural resources.

Behavioral Economics

The branch of economics that combines insights from psychology and economics to understand how individuals make economic decisions.

Game Theory

The study of strategic decision-making in situations where the outcome of one person's decision depends on the decisions of others.

Labor Economics

The branch of economics that studies the supply and demand for labor, wages, and employment.

Health Economics

The branch of economics that studies the allocation of healthcare resources and the impact of healthcare policies on individuals and society.

Public Finance

The study of government revenue, expenditure, and debt, and how they impact the economy.

Economic Indicators

Statistics used to measure the overall health and performance of an economy, such as GDP, inflation rate, and unemployment rate.

Economic Systems

The way in which a society organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Economic History

The study of past economic events, trends, and policies to understand their impact on the present and future.

Economic Forecasting

The process of making predictions about the future state of the economy based on historical data and economic models.

Economic Policy

The actions and decisions taken by governments to influence the economy, such as fiscal and monetary policies.

Economic Analysis

The process of examining economic data and information to understand and evaluate economic phenomena and policies.

Economic Theory

A set of principles and concepts that explain how economies work and how economic agents, such as individuals and firms, make decisions.

Economic Models

Simplified representations of economic systems or phenomena used to analyze and understand real-world economic situations.

Economic Empowerment

The process of enabling individuals and communities to participate in, contribute to, and benefit from economic activities.

Economic Efficiency

The optimal allocation of resources to maximize the production of goods and services, given the available inputs.

Economic Equity

The fair distribution of economic resources and opportunities among individuals and groups within a society.

Economic Sustainability

The ability of an economy to maintain long-term economic growth and development without depleting its natural resources or causing significant harm to the environment.

Economic Development

The process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people.

Economic Integration

The process of combining economic policies and institutions among different countries to promote trade, investment, and cooperation.

Economic Reform

The process of making changes to an economy's policies, institutions, and structures to improve its efficiency, competitiveness, and overall performance.

Economic Crisis

A severe disruption in the economy, often characterized by a sharp decline in economic activity, high unemployment, and financial instability.

Economic Impact

The effect of an event, policy, or decision on the economy, such as changes in employment, production, or income.

Economic Resilience

The ability of an economy to withstand and recover from shocks, such as natural disasters, economic downturns, or financial crises.

Economic Recovery

The period of time following an economic downturn or recession when the economy starts to grow and regain lost output and employment.

Economic Stimulus

Measures taken by the government to boost economic activity and promote growth, such as increased government spending or tax cuts.

Economic Incentives

Rewards or penalties that encourage individuals, businesses, or governments to take certain economic actions or make specific economic decisions.

Economic Sanctions

Measures taken by one country or a group of countries to restrict or prohibit trade and economic relations with another country, often for political or security reasons.

Economic Diversification

The process of expanding an economy's range of industries and sectors to reduce dependence on a single industry or sector.

Economic Competitiveness

The ability of a country or region to produce goods and services that are able to compete in international markets.

Economic Globalization

The increasing integration and interdependence of national economies through trade, investment, and the flow of capital, technology, and information.

Economic Interdependence

The mutual reliance and interconnectedness of economies, where changes in one economy can have significant effects on others.

Economic Cooperation

The collaboration and coordination of economic policies and actions among countries to achieve common goals, such as promoting trade, investment, and economic development.