Economics Exchange Rate Systems Study Cards

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Exchange Rate

The rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another.

Fixed Exchange Rate System

An exchange rate system where the value of a currency is fixed to the value of another currency or a basket of currencies.

Floating Exchange Rate System

An exchange rate system where the value of a currency is determined by market forces, such as supply and demand.

Pegged Exchange Rate System

An exchange rate system where the value of a currency is fixed to a specific value, usually a major currency like the US dollar.

Managed Float Exchange Rate System

An exchange rate system where the value of a currency is allowed to fluctuate within a certain range, but central banks intervene to stabilize the currency.

Currency Boards

Institutions that issue and regulate a country's currency, often with a fixed exchange rate to a major currency.

Currency Crisis

A situation where a country's currency experiences a sharp decline in value, often leading to financial instability.

Exchange Rate Regimes

The set of rules and policies that govern the exchange rate system of a country or group of countries.

Exchange Rate Determination

The process by which the value of a currency is determined in the foreign exchange market.

Exchange Rate Fluctuations

The changes in the value of a currency relative to other currencies over time.

Exchange Rate Policy

The strategies and actions taken by a government or central bank to influence the value of its currency in the foreign exchange market.

Exchange Rate Risk

The potential for losses or gains due to changes in exchange rates.

Foreign Exchange Market

The market where currencies are bought and sold, facilitating international trade and investment.

Balance of Payments

A record of all economic transactions between the residents of a country and the rest of the world over a specific period of time.

International Monetary Fund

An international organization that provides financial assistance and promotes monetary cooperation among countries.

Currency Manipulation

The deliberate actions taken by a government or central bank to influence the value of its currency in order to gain an unfair advantage in international trade.

Currency Depreciation

A decrease in the value of a currency relative to other currencies.

Currency Appreciation

An increase in the value of a currency relative to other currencies.

Currency Devaluation

A deliberate decrease in the value of a currency relative to other currencies, usually done by a government or central bank.

Currency Revaluation

A deliberate increase in the value of a currency relative to other currencies, usually done by a government or central bank.

Currency Convertibility

The ease with which a currency can be converted into another currency or used for international transactions.

Currency Reserves

Foreign currencies held by a central bank or monetary authority as a means to stabilize the domestic currency and facilitate international transactions.

Currency Intervention

The buying or selling of a currency by a government or central bank in order to influence its value in the foreign exchange market.

Currency Speculation

The buying or selling of a currency with the expectation of making a profit from changes in its value.

Currency Futures

Financial contracts that obligate the buyer to purchase or sell a specific amount of a currency at a predetermined price and date in the future.

Currency Options

Financial derivatives that give the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specific amount of a currency at a predetermined price and date in the future.

Currency Swaps

Agreements between two parties to exchange a specific amount of one currency for another currency at a predetermined rate, with the obligation to reverse the transaction at a later date.

Currency Hedging

Strategies used by individuals or businesses to reduce the risk of adverse movements in exchange rates.

Currency Arbitrage

The practice of taking advantage of price differences in different currency markets to make a profit.

Currency Carry Trade

A strategy where an investor borrows money in a low-interest-rate currency and invests it in a high-interest-rate currency to earn the interest rate differential.

Currency Peg

A fixed exchange rate regime where a country's currency is tied to the value of another currency or a basket of currencies.

Currency Basket

A weighted average of several currencies used as a reference for a country's exchange rate.

Currency War

A situation where countries engage in competitive devaluations or other measures to gain a trade advantage.

Currency Union

A group of countries that share a common currency and monetary policy.

Eurozone

The group of European Union countries that have adopted the euro as their common currency.

Bretton Woods System

A monetary system established after World War II, where currencies were pegged to the US dollar and the dollar was pegged to gold.

Gold Standard

A monetary system where the value of a currency is directly linked to a fixed quantity of gold.

International Monetary System

The framework of rules, institutions, and procedures that govern international monetary relations.

Monetary Policy

The actions taken by a central bank to manage the money supply and interest rates to achieve macroeconomic objectives.

Fiscal Policy

The use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy.

Inflation

A sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.

Interest Rates

The cost of borrowing or the return on investment, expressed as a percentage.

Capital Controls

Government-imposed restrictions on the movement of capital in and out of a country.

Foreign Direct Investment

Investment made by a company or individual in one country into business interests located in another country.

Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through the exchange of goods, services, information, and ideas.