What are the layers of the TCP/IP Protocol stack?

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What are the layers of the TCP/IP Protocol stack?

The layers of the TCP/IP Protocol stack are:

1. Application Layer: This layer provides services to the end-user applications, such as email, web browsing, and file transfer. It includes protocols like HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS.

2. Transport Layer: This layer ensures reliable and efficient data transfer between hosts. It includes protocols like TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

3. Internet Layer: This layer is responsible for addressing, routing, and fragmenting data packets across different networks. It includes the Internet Protocol (IP).

4. Network Interface Layer: This layer deals with the physical transmission of data over the network. It includes protocols specific to the network technology being used, such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi.