What are the quantum computing research initiatives by governments and academic institutions?

There are several quantum computing research initiatives undertaken by governments and academic institutions worldwide. These initiatives aim to advance the understanding, development, and practical applications of quantum computing technology. Some notable examples include:

1. United States:
- National Quantum Initiative Act: In 2018, the U.S. government passed this act to accelerate quantum research and development, investing $1.2 billion over five years.
- IBM Quantum Computing Initiative: IBM has been actively involved in quantum computing research and development, collaborating with academic institutions and providing access to their quantum computers through the IBM Quantum Experience.

2. European Union:
- Quantum Flagship Program: Launched in 2018, this program aims to bring together academia, industry, and government to accelerate quantum research and development in Europe. It has a budget of €1 billion over ten years.
- QuTech: Located in the Netherlands, QuTech is a collaboration between Delft University of Technology and the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO). It focuses on quantum research and development, including the development of a scalable quantum computer.

3. Canada:
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics: Located in Ontario, Canada, this institute conducts research in various areas of theoretical physics, including quantum computing. It collaborates with academic institutions and industry partners to advance quantum research.
- Quantum Valley Investments: This Canadian venture capital firm invests in quantum computing startups and research initiatives, aiming to establish Canada as a global leader in quantum technology.

4. China:
- National Laboratory for Quantum Information Sciences: Established in 2017, this lab focuses on quantum information science and technology research. It aims to develop quantum computers, quantum communication, and quantum simulation technologies.
- University of Science and Technology of China: This university has a strong focus on quantum information science and technology research, including quantum computing. It collaborates with other institutions and industry partners to advance quantum research in China.

5. Australia:
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology (CQC2T): Based in Australia, CQC2T is a collaboration between several universities and research organizations. It aims to develop a silicon-based quantum computer and advance quantum communication technologies.
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology: This center focuses on quantum computing and communication research, aiming to develop practical quantum technologies.

These are just a few examples of the numerous quantum computing research initiatives undertaken by governments and academic institutions globally. The field of quantum computing is rapidly evolving, and these initiatives play a crucial role in advancing the technology and its applications.