What are some common patterns that contribute to program complexity?

Some common patterns that contribute to program complexity include:

1. Nested loops: When loops are nested within each other, it can make the program harder to understand and analyze, as it increases the number of iterations and potential execution paths.

2. Recursive functions: Recursive functions can lead to complex control flow and make it difficult to trace the program's execution. It may also result in excessive memory usage if not implemented properly.

3. Excessive branching: Programs with numerous conditional statements and branching paths can become difficult to follow and analyze, as it increases the number of possible execution paths.

4. Large codebase: Having a large codebase with numerous functions, classes, and modules can make it challenging to understand the overall structure and flow of the program.

5. Poorly organized code: Programs with poorly organized code, lack of proper documentation, and inconsistent naming conventions can contribute to complexity, as it becomes harder to navigate and comprehend the code.

6. Complex data structures: The use of complex data structures, such as multi-dimensional arrays or linked lists, can increase program complexity, as it requires careful handling and understanding of the data organization.

7. Tight coupling: When different components of a program are tightly coupled, changes in one component may have unintended consequences on other parts, making it harder to maintain and modify the program.

8. Lack of modularity: Programs that lack modular design and encapsulation can become complex, as changes in one part of the program may require modifications in multiple other parts.

9. Poor error handling: Inadequate error handling and exception management can lead to complex code paths and make it harder to identify and fix issues.

10. Inefficient algorithms: The use of inefficient algorithms or data structures can result in poor performance and increased complexity, as it may require additional code or optimizations to improve efficiency.