How can code refactoring help in reducing program complexity?

Code refactoring can help in reducing program complexity in several ways:

1. Simplifying code structure: Refactoring involves restructuring the code to make it more organized and easier to understand. By breaking down complex code into smaller, more manageable pieces, it becomes easier to comprehend and maintain. This simplification reduces the overall complexity of the program.

2. Eliminating code duplication: Code refactoring helps identify and remove duplicate code segments. Duplicated code not only increases the size of the program but also makes it harder to maintain and debug. By eliminating duplication, the code becomes more concise and easier to comprehend, reducing complexity.

3. Improving code readability: Refactoring focuses on improving the readability of the code by using meaningful variable and function names, proper indentation, and consistent formatting. Readable code is easier to understand, reducing the cognitive load on developers and making it simpler to analyze and modify the program.

4. Enhancing code modularity: Refactoring promotes the use of modular design principles, such as encapsulation and separation of concerns. By breaking down the program into smaller, independent modules, each responsible for a specific task, the overall complexity is reduced. This modular structure also allows for easier testing, debugging, and maintenance.

5. Increasing code reusability: Refactoring can identify and extract reusable code segments, creating separate functions or classes. This reusability reduces the need for duplicating code and promotes a more efficient and concise program structure. Reusable code also simplifies future modifications and enhancements, further reducing complexity.

6. Optimizing performance: Code refactoring can help identify and eliminate performance bottlenecks, such as inefficient algorithms or redundant computations. By optimizing the code, the program's execution time and resource usage can be improved, leading to a more efficient and less complex program.

Overall, code refactoring plays a crucial role in reducing program complexity by simplifying the code structure, eliminating duplication, improving readability, enhancing modularity, increasing reusability, and optimizing performance.