Explain the concept of code modularity and its impact on program complexity.

Code modularity refers to the practice of breaking down a program into smaller, independent modules or components. Each module focuses on a specific task or functionality, and can be developed and tested separately. These modules are then combined to create the complete program.

The concept of code modularity has a significant impact on program complexity. Here are some key points:

1. Simplifies Development: Breaking a program into smaller modules makes it easier to understand and develop. Developers can focus on one module at a time, which reduces the cognitive load and allows for better organization and planning. It also promotes code reusability, as modules can be used in multiple programs or projects.

2. Enhances Maintainability: With code modularity, maintaining and updating a program becomes more manageable. Since each module is independent, changes made to one module do not affect others. This reduces the risk of introducing bugs or unintended consequences. Additionally, debugging becomes easier as developers can isolate and fix issues within specific modules.

3. Promotes Collaboration: Modularity facilitates collaboration among developers. Different team members can work on different modules simultaneously, without interfering with each other's work. This improves productivity and allows for parallel development. It also enables code sharing and reuse, as modules can be easily integrated into other projects.

4. Increases Scalability: Modularity enables scalability by allowing the addition or removal of modules as needed. When new features or functionalities are required, developers can simply add new modules without affecting the existing ones. This flexibility makes it easier to adapt the program to changing requirements or future enhancements.

5. Reduces Complexity: By dividing a program into smaller, self-contained modules, the overall complexity of the program is reduced. Each module can be understood and tested independently, making it easier to identify and fix issues. This also improves code readability and maintainability, as developers can focus on specific modules without being overwhelmed by the entire program.

In summary, code modularity simplifies development, enhances maintainability, promotes collaboration, increases scalability, and reduces program complexity. It is a fundamental principle in software engineering that helps create robust, flexible, and manageable programs.