What are the different memory monitoring techniques used?

There are several memory monitoring techniques used in operating system memory management. Some of the commonly used techniques include:

1. Memory profiling: This technique involves analyzing the memory usage patterns of a program or system. It helps in identifying memory leaks, inefficient memory allocation, and excessive memory usage.

2. Memory mapping: Memory mapping is a technique that allows the operating system to map files or devices into the virtual memory address space of a process. It enables efficient access to files and devices as if they were part of the main memory.

3. Memory segmentation: Memory segmentation divides the physical memory into logical segments, each with its own base address and length. It helps in organizing and managing memory efficiently by allowing different segments to be allocated for different purposes.

4. Memory paging: Memory paging is a technique where the physical memory is divided into fixed-size blocks called pages. The virtual memory of a process is also divided into pages of the same size. It allows the operating system to load and unload pages from the main memory to secondary storage, thereby optimizing memory usage.

5. Memory compression: Memory compression is a technique that compresses the contents of memory pages to save space. It helps in reducing memory usage and increasing the overall capacity of the system.

6. Memory swapping: Memory swapping involves moving entire processes or parts of processes from the main memory to secondary storage when the memory becomes full. It allows the operating system to free up memory for other processes and manage memory efficiently.

These techniques are used to monitor and manage memory effectively in an operating system, ensuring optimal performance and resource utilization.