What are the limitations of hash tables with open addressing?

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What are the limitations of hash tables with open addressing?

Hash tables with open addressing have several limitations, including:

1. Limited size: The size of a hash table with open addressing is fixed at the time of creation. This means that the number of elements that can be stored in the hash table is limited by its size. If the number of elements exceeds the size of the hash table, it can lead to collisions and degrade the performance of the hash table.

2. Difficulty in resizing: Resizing a hash table with open addressing is a complex process. Since the elements are stored directly in the table, resizing requires rehashing all the elements and redistributing them to new positions. This can be time-consuming and may result in a significant performance overhead.

3. Increased clustering: Open addressing can lead to clustering, where elements tend to cluster together in certain areas of the hash table. This occurs when multiple elements hash to the same index and need to be placed in consecutive positions. Clustering can increase the number of collisions and degrade the performance of the hash table.

4. Performance degradation with high load factor: As the load factor of a hash table with open addressing increases, the number of collisions also increases. This can result in longer search, insertion, and deletion times. Therefore, the performance of the hash table can degrade significantly when the load factor is high.

5. Difficulty in handling deletions: Deleting an element from a hash table with open addressing is not straightforward. Since the elements are stored directly in the table, deleting an element may break the probing sequence and make it difficult to find other elements. Special techniques, such as tombstones or lazy deletion, need to be employed to handle deletions effectively.

6. Lack of flexibility: Hash tables with open addressing are not suitable for scenarios where the number of elements is unknown or varies dynamically. The fixed size of the hash table limits its flexibility and may result in either wasted memory or insufficient space for storing elements.

Overall, while hash tables with open addressing offer advantages such as simplicity and cache-friendliness, they also have limitations that need to be considered when choosing an appropriate data structure for a specific application.