Describe the concept of surrogate keys in database normalization.

Surrogate keys in database normalization refer to artificially created unique identifiers that are used to uniquely identify each record in a table. These keys are not derived from any meaningful data within the table, but are instead generated solely for the purpose of ensuring uniqueness and improving performance in database operations.

The concept of surrogate keys is introduced in database normalization to address certain challenges that may arise when using natural keys. Natural keys are derived from the data attributes of a table, such as a person's social security number or a product's barcode. However, natural keys can sometimes change or be subject to errors, leading to inconsistencies and difficulties in maintaining data integrity.

By using surrogate keys, which are typically auto-generated numbers or codes, the risk of data inconsistencies is minimized. Surrogate keys are not affected by changes in the underlying data and provide a stable reference point for linking records across different tables. They also simplify the process of updating and deleting records, as the surrogate key remains constant even if other attributes change.

In addition to ensuring data integrity, surrogate keys also enhance database performance. They are typically used as primary keys, allowing for efficient indexing and faster retrieval of data. Surrogate keys are often used in conjunction with foreign keys to establish relationships between tables, facilitating data retrieval and manipulation through joins and other operations.

Overall, the concept of surrogate keys in database normalization provides a reliable and efficient means of uniquely identifying records, maintaining data integrity, and improving database performance.