Explain the concept of surrogate keys in database normalization.

In database normalization, surrogate keys are artificially created unique identifiers that are used to uniquely identify each record in a table. These keys are typically generated by the database management system and have no inherent meaning or significance in the real world.

The concept of surrogate keys is introduced in database normalization to address certain challenges that arise when using natural keys. Natural keys are attributes or combinations of attributes that have some inherent meaning or significance in the real world. However, natural keys may not always be suitable for use as primary keys in database tables due to various reasons such as their length, complexity, or potential for changes.

Surrogate keys provide a solution to these challenges by introducing a separate attribute or column that serves as the primary key for the table. This surrogate key is typically an auto-incrementing integer or a globally unique identifier (GUID) generated by the database system.

By using surrogate keys, the database designer can ensure that each record in the table has a unique identifier, regardless of the changes or complexities associated with the natural keys. Surrogate keys also simplify the process of referencing and linking records between tables, as they provide a consistent and reliable means of identification.

Additionally, surrogate keys can improve database performance by reducing the size of indexes and improving query execution times. Since surrogate keys are typically shorter and simpler than natural keys, they require less storage space and can be processed more efficiently by the database system.

In summary, surrogate keys in database normalization are artificially created unique identifiers that are used to uniquely identify records in a table. They provide a solution to challenges associated with natural keys and offer benefits such as simplicity, consistency, and improved performance in database operations.