What are the layers of the TCP/IP model?

The TCP/IP model consists of four layers, which are:

1. Network Interface Layer: This layer is responsible for the physical transmission of data between devices on the same network. It defines the protocols and hardware required for data transmission, such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi.

2. Internet Layer: This layer handles the addressing and routing of data packets across different networks. It uses IP (Internet Protocol) to assign unique IP addresses to devices and ensures that data is delivered to the correct destination by using routing protocols.

3. Transport Layer: The transport layer is responsible for the reliable delivery of data between devices. It provides end-to-end communication services and ensures that data is delivered without errors or loss. The most common protocols used in this layer are TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

4. Application Layer: The application layer is the topmost layer of the TCP/IP model and is responsible for providing network services to applications. It includes protocols such as HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), and DNS (Domain Name System), which enable functions like web browsing, file transfer, email communication, and domain name resolution.

These four layers work together to enable communication and data transfer across networks using the TCP/IP protocol suite.