Natural Language Processing Study Cards

Enhance Your Understanding with Natural Language Processing Concept Cards for quick learning



Natural Language Processing

A field of study that focuses on the interaction between computers and human language, enabling computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language.

Tokenization

The process of breaking text into individual words or tokens, often the first step in NLP tasks.

Stop Words

Common words (e.g., 'the', 'is', 'and') that are often removed from text during preprocessing as they do not carry significant meaning.

Stemming

A technique used to reduce words to their base or root form, often by removing suffixes or prefixes.

Lemmatization

A process of reducing words to their base or dictionary form, considering the word's meaning and context.

Part-of-Speech Tagging

Assigning grammatical tags (e.g., noun, verb, adjective) to words in a sentence, aiding in syntactic analysis.

Named Entity Recognition

Identifying and classifying named entities (e.g., person names, locations, organizations) in text.

Sentiment Analysis

Determining the sentiment or emotion expressed in text, often categorized as positive, negative, or neutral.

Word Embeddings

Mapping words to dense vector representations, capturing semantic relationships and contextual information.

Language Models

Statistical models that predict the probability of a sequence of words, enabling tasks like speech recognition and machine translation.

Machine Translation

Automatically translating text from one language to another using computational methods.

Text Classification

Assigning predefined categories or labels to text documents based on their content.

Information Extraction

Extracting structured information from unstructured text, such as identifying entities, relationships, and attributes.

Question Answering

Automatically generating answers to questions posed in natural language, often using large-scale knowledge bases.

Chatbots

Computer programs designed to simulate human conversation, often used for customer support or information retrieval.

Speech Recognition

Converting spoken language into written text, enabling voice commands and transcription services.

Text Summarization

Generating concise summaries of longer text documents, capturing the main points and key information.

Topic Modeling

A statistical technique for discovering abstract topics or themes in a collection of documents.

Dependency Parsing

Analyzing the grammatical structure of a sentence by determining the relationships between words.

Coreference Resolution

Identifying expressions that refer to the same entity in a text, resolving pronouns and noun phrases.

Semantic Role Labeling

Identifying the roles played by words or phrases in a sentence, such as agent, patient, or location.

Syntax Trees

Graphical representations of the syntactic structure of a sentence, showing the relationships between words.

Regular Expressions

Patterns used to match and manipulate text, often used for tasks like search, extraction, and validation.

Feature Engineering

Creating new features or representations from raw data to improve the performance of machine learning models.

Model Evaluation

Assessing the performance of a machine learning model using various metrics and techniques.

Cross-Validation

A technique for estimating the performance of a model by splitting the data into multiple subsets for training and testing.

Precision and Recall

Metrics used to evaluate the performance of binary classification models, measuring the trade-off between false positives and false negatives.

F1 Score

A metric that combines precision and recall into a single value, providing a balanced measure of model performance.

Bias and Fairness

Examining and mitigating biases in NLP models to ensure fairness and avoid discrimination.

Ethical Considerations

Addressing ethical issues related to NLP, such as privacy, data protection, and responsible AI practices.

Data Preprocessing

Cleaning, transforming, and preparing raw data for analysis, often involving tasks like tokenization and normalization.

Data Cleaning

Removing noise, errors, or irrelevant information from the data, improving its quality and reliability.

Data Augmentation

Techniques for generating additional training data by applying transformations or introducing variations to existing data.

Model Training

The process of fitting a machine learning model to the training data, learning the underlying patterns and relationships.

Model Tuning

Optimizing the hyperparameters or configuration of a machine learning model to improve its performance.

Hyperparameter Optimization

Automatically searching for the best hyperparameter values to maximize the performance of a model.

Overfitting and Underfitting

Phenomena where a machine learning model either learns the training data too well or fails to capture the underlying patterns.

Ensemble Methods

Techniques that combine multiple models to improve prediction accuracy and robustness.

Neural Networks

A class of machine learning models inspired by the structure and function of the human brain, capable of learning complex patterns.

Recurrent Neural Networks

Neural networks designed to process sequential data, capturing dependencies and patterns over time.

Convolutional Neural Networks

Neural networks commonly used for image and text processing, leveraging convolutional layers to extract local features.

Transformer Models

State-of-the-art models for various NLP tasks, based on self-attention mechanisms and parallel processing.

Attention Mechanism

A mechanism that allows neural networks to focus on specific parts of the input, improving performance and interpretability.

Transfer Learning

Using knowledge or representations learned from one task to improve performance on a different but related task.

Evaluation Metrics

Quantitative measures used to assess the performance of machine learning models, such as accuracy, precision, and recall.

Error Analysis

Analyzing and understanding the errors made by a machine learning model, identifying patterns and areas for improvement.

Deployment and Productionization

The process of deploying a trained model into a production environment, making it available for real-world use.